空中鸟瞰朗格冰川＋震撼冰川着陆直升机旅行团

Hengill is an enormous mountain in south-west Iceland, covering an area of about 100 square kilometres. It is a vital source of energy for south Iceland

Energy at Hengill

Hengill is an active volcano, although there has not been an eruption here for about 2,000 years. In spite of that, there is still lava close to the surface, evidenced by the steaming fumaroles and many hot springs dotted across it.

Iceland’s electricity and heated water comes from entirely renewable sources, taken from places such here. There are two power stations harnessing the energy potential at Hengill, called Nesjavellir and Hellisheiði.

Certain Golden Circle tours include stops at these.

Popular sites at Hengill

The energy beneath Hengill does not only help Iceland with its electrical and heating needs; it also helps with tourism. The geothermal activity of the volcano has created some of the country’s most popular sites.

Most significant of these are Hveragerði town and the adjacent Reykjadalur valley. Hveragerði is often named the ‘hot spring town’ or the ‘earthquake town’ because of the amount of volcanic activity Hengill creates here.

Boiling water runs mere feet beneath the surface of the earth, meaning there are steaming fumaroles all around. Chefs cook simply by burying their food into the earth, leading to an interesting restaurant culture. There is also an exhibition on the town’s earthquake history.

On that note, activity at Hengill has historically caused no end of trouble for the residents of Hveragerði. Though the houses are built to be earthquake proof now, there is little that can be done about the boiling water when it rises. It regularly causes surprise hot springs to rise inside people’s homes.

Reykjadalur can be hiked through from Hveragerði, and is one of Iceland’s easiest, most accessible, and rewarding trails. After walking for an hour or so through a beautiful range of mountains, visitors will come to a river fed by both boiling and rain water.

This mix means that guests can find the perfect points to bathe, based on how warm they want it. The surrounding area is dotted with boiling mud pits and steaming vents.

Hengill is located south of Þingvellir National Park, one of the sites of the Golden Circle. One of the best ways to see the scale of it is to approach the park from Reykjavík, and stop on top of the Almannagjá Gorge.

This gorge runs from north to south, and looking south, there is no missing the slopes of the volcano across the lake Þingvallavatn.

Wikimedia, Creative Commons, photo credit: Andreas Tille

Glymur is Iceland’s second-tallest waterfall, and the tallest that is easily accessible by foot. Located in the fjord of Hvalfjörður, it stand at a height of 198 metres (650 feet).

Glymur is fed by the river Botnsá, which has sources in Iceland’s glaciers and runs from a lake above.

Getting to Glymur

To get to the carpark of Glymur, from which you can hike to it, takes about forty five minutes if driving from Reykjavík.

You first will head north on Route 1, before turning right on Route 47, before Hvalfjörður tunnel. This road will take you along the edge of the fjord itself, providing stunning views of the coast, mountains, flora and more smaller waterfalls.

From the carpark, the hike takes approximately three and a half hours to do in total. It is largely through nature, without any paved roads, and at some points can be a little challenging; the most used route, for example, involves wading across a river with the help of a rope, passing through a cave, and walking along a narrow mountainside path.

The hike, therefore, should only be taken by those with a reasonable level of fitness, who are sturdy on their feet. Even then, only those with decent hiking shoes and clothes for any weather should attempt the journey, and it is highly recommended that you bring walking poles, water and snacks.

The route is marked by cairns with yellow markers as well as signs, and is easy enough to follow. Be aware that there are some offshoot trails that can lead you away from the waterfall, so take care to be mindful of your surroundings.

Surroundings of Glymur

Wikimedia, Creative Commons, photo credit: Jabbi

As part of Hvalfjörður in west Iceland, many other sites can be seen in conjunction with Glymur. It is close to the settlements of Akranes and Borgarnes, both of which are commerce centres of the region, perfect to refresh at. Both are also historically significant, having been settled for over a millennium.

The earliest days of Iceland can be learnt about at the Settlement Centre of Borgarnes.

In terms of natural attractions, Glymur is relatively near to two other notable waterfalls, Hraunfossar and Barnafoss. Hraunfossar is serene, with many rivulets pouring off of a shelf of lava rocks, while Barnafoss is turbulent, racing down a narrow canyon.

Not far from these sites is the highest flowing hot spring in Europe, Deildartunghver, which sits near the geothermal and historical settlement of Reykholt.

Glymur can also be visited as part of a trip to the Snæfellsnes Peninsula, the arm which extends off of west Iceland. Some of the country’s most marvellous sites can be found here, such as the basalt cliffs of Lóndrangar, the mountainside gorge of Rauðfeldsgjá Gorge, the peak Kirkjufell, and of course, Snæfellsjökull National Park.

Be aware, however, that this would be a long time out for a day trip, and would not give you as much time at the sites as you may necessarily desire. There are, however, many options for accommodation on the peninsula and in the west.

Similar waterfalls to Glymur

When it comes to scale, the only waterfall taller than Glymur in Iceland is Morsárfoss, which is found by a melting outlet of Vatnajökull Glacier. It stands at around 240 metres (787 feet) tall, and was only discovered in 2007. It was only noted to be greater than Glymur in 2011.

Iceland has many other waterfalls of note, but the only other with an international title is Dettifoss, which boasts the highest rate of water flow out of any other falls in Europe.

辛格维利尔国家公园，又译辛格韦德利国家公园，是冰岛大陆上唯一被联合国教科文组织认证为世界文化遗产的地点。它和盖歇尔间歇泉、黄金瀑布，组成了著名的黄金圈旅游线路。公园南侧是冰岛最大的湖泊－辛格瓦德拉湖（Þingvallavatn）。

地理

辛格维利尔的地理地质特性在世界上独一无二。欧亚大陆板块与美洲大陆板块在此相会，且暴露在海平面之上。全世界只能在冰岛看到两大地质板块在海平面之上相会的地质奇观。

游览时，建议从美洲大陆板块一侧开始观光，在这里的信息牌上可以阅读到这个地区的更多有趣信息和历史，之后可以再走入其下的山谷。

历史

辛格维利尔在冰岛语中的意思为“议会土地”，从它的名字就不难猜出它的历史。在这里，世界上的第一个民主议会诞生－公园930年，维京人选址在此，创立了冰岛的议会。

民主议会也许和维京人喜欢战争掠杀的名声背道而驰，但当时的30多个氏族急需在恶劣的新环境中求得生存与繁荣。第一次集会的空前成功，让议会得以保留。每年，人们聚集在此，解决争端、审判罪犯、制定让所有人都能受益的法律。

冰岛联邦就此诞生，让冰岛人在成为挪威王国的选民前就获得了独立与自由。冰岛在辛格维利尔的年度议会一直延续到了1798年。

丹麦王国取消了冰岛的议会，直至1845年，冰岛的议会在雷克雅未克重生。

辛格维利尔在冰岛历史上的另一个重要角色与信仰有关，公园1000年，挪威入侵冰岛，冰岛人在辛格维利尔舍弃异教信仰、北欧众神，转而投信基督教。

冰岛的法律演讲人、议长Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði是冰岛的这场信仰危机中起到了决定性的作用，他考虑了一天一夜，才回到这里宣布了他的决定。

为了见证冰岛信仰的转变，Þorgeir将北欧众神的神像抛入北部的众神瀑布－Goðafoss，瀑布正得名于此。

丝浮拉裂缝

辛格维利尔是冰岛最受欢迎的自然景点之一，而除了上述的自然、历史原因，它还有另一大独特的景观－丝浮拉裂缝（Silfra，又译史费拉裂缝）。丝浮拉裂缝流淌着冰川水，是世界上排名前十的浮潜、潜水地。

丝浮拉在冰岛语中意为“银”，是公园内的一个水下峡谷，能见度高达100余米，温度常年保持在零上。世界各地的人们在这里穿上潜水衣，去水下享受完美的失重感，以及遨游在两大地质板块间的难得体验。

Skjaldbreidur is a shield volcano in southwest Iceland. It is indeed shaped like a broad shield, whence it derives its name.

The volcano culminates at 1060 meters and its crater is about 300 meters in diameter. The basin of Thingvallavatn was formed in the same eruption that formed Skjaldbreidur, around 9000 years ago.

朗格冰川(Langjökull，意为“长冰川”)是冰岛的第二大冰川，面积达935平方公里，冰盖广袤而磅礴。朗格冰川还是雪地摩托、冰川徒步、滑雪等冰岛探险旅行活动的热门目的地。

内陆高地道路

朗格冰川居于冰岛中央内陆高地地区，两条贯通冰岛北部与南部的高地道路沿朗格冰川两侧而过。

Kaldidalur道路位于朗格冰川以西，从辛格维利尔国家公园(Þingvellir)向北延伸至Húsafell山；Kjalvegur道路则居于两大冰川之间，从朗格冰川以东、霍夫斯冰原(Hofsjökull)以西蜿蜒而过，从黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)一路向北延展，路线中段穿Hveravellir地热区而过。

地理概况

朗格冰川长约50公里，宽约20公里，冰层厚度可达580米；冰川最北部的Baldjökull也是其至高点所在，海拔达1450米。

冰盖之下的山峰由玻质碎屑岩组成，这种特殊的岩体由火山运动淬炼而成。乘坐直升机从空中俯瞰朗格冰川时，能够观察到这些山脉的顶点。冰盖下还隐藏了至少两座活跃的火山系统，以鸟瞰视角观测，便能发现其火山口。

火山地貌是朗格冰川地区的标志性地质特征。冰川的一处火山系统为Baldjökull以东的Hveravellir地热区提供源源不断的热能；7800年前的一次火山喷发，还在冰川以东地区塑造出了一片名为Kjalhraun的熔岩原。

闻名遐迩的豪德门达熔岩(Hallmundarhraun)则诞生于另一处火山系统的喷发活动，该系统位于冰川西北部。Hvítá“白河”从熔岩原中穿行而过，以丰沛的水流滋养了壮丽无双的黄金瀑布。冰岛最长的熔岩洞穴Surtshellir亦位于该地区。

朗格冰川的西南部还坐落着一座流纹岩火山，名为Presthnúkur；冰川以南则有一片名为Lambahraun的熔岩原，Skjaldbreiðarhraun熔岩原与“盾状火山”Skjaldbreiður也同样位于冰川南部。

虽然火山系统众多，朗格冰川地区的火山运动却相对平静，在过去一万年中仅发生过32次火山爆发。

冰川隧道

在朗格冰川的最高峰地区，冰岛人修凿了人工冰川隧道，让游客有机会进入冰川内部一探究竟。隧道由地球物理学家、前总统竞选人Ari Trausti Guðmundsson设计建造，其建造初衷是向人们展现冰岛冰川的神奇内部构造；曾经只有专业科学家才有机会领略到的冰川奇景，如今也得以向平民百姓开放。蓝冰洞也能带领游客进入冰川内部探秘，但这些地质奇景仅在冬天才会形成，罕见且不稳定，而冰川隧道则让游客在夏季也能深度领略冰川之美。

冰川隧道内部折射着醉人的冰蓝色彩，向游人揭开冰川形成与构造的秘密，冰岛也是唯一一个允许游人进入冰川内部参观的国家；冰川隧道旅行团还有机会与冰川徒步、雪地摩托等其他项目结合，为游客带来最深入、最全面的冰川体验。

周边冰川

朗格冰川周边还分布着多座小型冰川：掩藏着冰岛西部最高峰的Eiríksjökull与Þórisjökull都位于朗格冰川以西，Hrútfellsjökull则位于冰川以东。

Þórisjökull与Geitlandsjökull两座冰川之间隐藏着一座山谷：Þórisdalur。山谷之中流传着奇诡的冰岛民间传说，《壮士格莱蒂尔萨迦》中的主人公格莱蒂尔就曾流亡至此。

黄金圈

朗格冰川之美每年都会吸引无数游客，而冰岛游览人数最多、最为热门流行的旅行景区黄金圈亦与冰川相距不远。黄金圈三大景点也与朗格冰川有着千丝万缕的地质关联。

朗格冰川的融水是黄金瀑布的水源来源，滋养瀑布的冰川河“白河”即发源自冰川。黄金瀑布是冰岛水量最大的瀑布之一，只消观瀑布之壮观，游客便可知朗格冰川之磅礴。

盖歇尔间歇泉地热区(Geysir)的水源则主要来自地下水。朗格冰川的融水渗入蓬松多孔的熔岩原，经由地下系统流入地热区，又随着间歇泉的壮丽喷发进入自然界，完成了其自然循环。

辛格维利尔国家公园以板块分界的开阔地质风光与悠久的历史文化而闻名，冰岛乃至世界上第一个民主议会便由维京人在辛格维利尔创建，国家公园也因此被联合国教科文组织评为世界文化遗产。因板块运动激烈，辛格维利尔也多裂缝、峡谷，许多裂缝都被澄澈的地下水灌满，而这些地下水也同样来自朗格冰川。

历经熔岩原的漫长过滤，涌出地表的水体都似水晶般纯净，丝浮拉大裂缝(Silfra)便被这剔透的水体灌注，如今已成为闻名遐迩的浮潜与潜水胜地，曾多次位列世界十大最佳潜水地点。

全球变暖

在全球变暖大势下，朗格冰川的体积日益萎缩，冰川未来堪忧。有研究者预测，如果全球变暖持续恶化，朗格冰川将在150年后全部消失；持悲观态度的科学家则认为，不出50年，朗格冰川即将融化殆尽。每一次造访冰岛冰川，全球变暖的警钟都将在游客心中敲响，也激励着每个人身体力行，为保护地球贡献自己的力量。