10天9夜自驾｜冰岛经典环岛＋斯奈山半岛

• 运营日期 5月. - 10月.
• 长度 10 天
• 项目 冰川徒步, 浮潜, 岩洞, 雪地摩托, 骑马, 观鲸, 观光, 船游, 温泉, 文化, 观鸟, 冰洞探险, 自驾
• 难度 容易
• 亮点

  

  冰岛蓝湖温泉(Blue Lagoon)位于冰岛西南部的雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)上，是冰岛最著名的旅游景点与地热温泉之一。

  蓝湖温泉距离冰岛凯夫拉维克国际机场约15～20分钟车程；距离冰岛首都雷克雅未克约50分钟车程。温泉居于机场和首都之间，许多游客会将蓝湖温泉行程安排在抵达或离开冰岛当日，以节省旅行时间，优化旅行路线，舒缓长途飞行之后的疲劳身心。

  历史

  

  1976年时，蓝湖只不过是一汪从Svartsengi地热发电厂排出的废水。1981年，发电厂员工Valur Margeirsson成为了第一个进入蓝湖泡温泉的人。Valur提出要进入蓝湖时，遭到了不少人的反对，只因当时的人都认为这里只是一滩“蓝色泥潭”，而非温泉。但不久大家就都发现，这汪蓝宝石色的湖水具有改善肌肤、舒缓肌肉的神奇效果。

  蓝湖温泉对牛皮癣等皮肤病症有显著的疗效，有助患者减轻病情。温泉的奇效也随之在冰岛传开，1987年，蓝湖温泉设施对外开放，成为正式温泉。

  此后蓝湖温泉逐步发展，从简陋的户外泳池慢慢成为了今天的奢华温泉SPA。

  今日蓝湖

  科学研究表明，蓝湖温泉含有二氧化硅、硫等丰富的矿物质，有助于改善皮肤状况，现在蓝湖也专门为皮肤病患者设立了研究所和疗养中心。蓝湖温泉也会为普通游客免费提供硅泥面膜，让游人体验蓝湖温泉的天然魅力。

   

  蓝湖温泉的水温全年保持在37～39°C，无论冬夏游人都可以在温暖舒适的泉水中度过愉快的温泉时光。温泉内还有桑拿房、蒸汽房和人工瀑布等设施，供游客舒缓疲劳。

  蓝湖温泉范围内另设有LAVA餐厅、咖啡厅以及SPA。在造访蓝湖期间，您也可以选择去餐厅用餐，品尝美味的鸡尾酒，或者预约SPA按摩服务，以多样的方式感受蓝湖温泉的多元乐趣。

  

  蓝湖温泉也是冰岛最浪漫的旅游目的地之一。火山熔岩地貌与湛蓝的泉水相映成趣，让蓝湖温泉更添梦幻色彩。

  蓝湖温泉旅游贴士

  蓝湖温泉是冰岛少数全年无休的旅游景点，一年四季都有来自世界各地的游客造访。为了控制入场人数、确保温泉内的游客有足够的活动空间，蓝湖每天每个时段的入场人数都非常有限。想要造访蓝湖，必须提早在蓝湖官网预定门票，确保入场位置。蓝湖不设临时购票柜台，如果没有预先购买门票，即使抵达了现场也无法入场。

  在换泳衣进入温泉之前，游客需要先在更衣室裸体洗澡，达到温泉规定的卫生标准。在游泳前先洗澡也是冰岛特有的规定，大家早已习以为常；如果不想与他人赤裸相对，也可以使用蓝湖更衣室内的洗澡隔间。

  相比其他温泉，蓝湖温泉价格较高。如果希望在冰岛体验价格更加便宜、但品质同样有所保障的天然地热温泉，可以选择黄金圈沿途的Fontana地热温泉、秘密温泉(Secret Lagoon)、北部的米湖天然温泉(Mývatn)或者西部的Krauma温泉。

  更多关于冰岛温泉的资讯，可以阅读《冰岛最棒的温泉》以及《冰岛最好的温泉泳池》两篇旅行攻略。

  蓝湖温泉,

  

  绵延300公里的黄金圈是冰岛最热门的旅游路线，盖歇尔间歇泉地热区(Geysir)、黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)与辛格维利尔国家公园(Þingvellir)三大景点都是冰岛旅行的必游景点。

  黄金圈景区交通便利，从首都雷克雅未克出发一日之内即可往返；租车自驾和参加旅行团都是绝佳的旅行选择，一些旅行团还将黄金圈自然观光与浮潜、雪地摩托、直升机、午夜阳光等特色旅行项目结合，升级黄金圈旅行体验。

  黄金圈是冰岛最经典的旅行路线，三大自然景点尽显冰岛地质的神奇瑰丽与冰岛文化的恢弘迷人。

  盖歇尔间歇泉地热区

  

  盖歇尔间歇泉地热区位于Haukadalur山谷内。间歇泉这一地热奇观的英文学名“geyser”就源自这一地区的盖歇尔(Geysir)。

  如今盖歇尔已几乎不再喷发，取而代之的是活跃的史托克间歇泉(Strokkur)；每隔5～10分钟，史托克便喷发出40余米的沸腾水柱，地心深处的澎湃力量也由此涌出地表。

  地热区还遍布着蒸汽孔、沸泥潭、地热喷泉等地热奇观，除了盖歇尔与史托克外，这里还分布有Smiður与Litli-Strokkur两座小型间歇泉。盖歇尔景区设施齐全，设有酒店、餐厅、咖啡厅与旅行纪念品商店。

  黄金瀑布

  黄金瀑布是冰岛最壮丽的瀑布之一，也是冰岛最大的断层瀑布。瀑布高达32米，分为两层汇入峡谷；发源自Hvítá“白河”的黄金瀑布水流极为丰沛，Hvítá也是冰岛最受欢迎的漂流地点之一。黄金瀑布距离盖歇尔间歇泉地热区仅有10分钟车程，也是黄金圈三大景点中距离首都雷克雅未克最远的一处。

  20世纪初时，英国投资者预备在黄金瀑布筑坝，利用瀑布的强大水能发电。虽然已拿到一纸租约，但瀑布土地所有者的女儿Sigríður Tómasdóttir始终与其抗争，竭尽全力保护这片生养自己的美丽国土。Sigríður曾数度步行200公里，往返于雷克雅未克与黄金瀑布之间，与律师商讨对策，最终终使投资商放弃了修建水电站的计划。

  Sigríður终于成功，冰岛也从此禁止外国投资商染指瀑布；Sigríður被誉为冰岛第一位环境主义者，也位列冰岛历史上最重要的人物之一。

  辛格维利尔国家公园

  

  辛格维利尔国家公园是黄金圈景区的最后一处景点。公元930年，冰岛议会于辛格维利尔成立，直至1798年才搬迁至雷克雅未克。冰岛议会也是世界上运行时间最长的民主议会。

  辛格维利尔国家公园被联合国教科文组织认证为世界文化遗产，也是冰岛最具历史文化价值的人文景点之一。与此同时，辛格维利尔恢弘的地理地质与维京历史亦相映成趣。北美与亚欧两大地质板块于此交界，大西洋中脊横贯其间，板块分界的大裂谷与火山地貌无比震撼。

  丝浮拉大裂缝(Silfra)即形成于板块地质运动，裂缝中注满了纯净剔透的冰川融水，水下能见度可达100米以上，五光十色的水下世界仿如梦幻，因此丝浮拉大裂缝也成为了举世闻名的浮潜与潜水地点。丝浮拉水温常年维持在2°C，因此多数游客会选择参加干衣浮潜，收获在两大板块之间潜水畅游的非凡体验。

  在Almannagjá峡谷，游客可以触摸北美板块的粗糙边缘；在冰岛最大湖泊议会湖(Þingvallavatn)，游客则可以领略粗犷火山地貌的静美一面。

  黄金圈景区小众景点

  黄金圈景区位于冰岛西南部，与许多小众景点相距不远。Flúðir小镇的秘密温泉与Laugarvatn地区的Fontana温泉都是体验冰岛地热温泉的完美去处；经由朗格冰川(Langjökull)的人造冰川隧道，游客可以深入探秘冰川内部构造；在索尔黑马生态村(Sólheimar)，游客可以体验别样的生活艺术；Kerið火山口湖的迷人景色也同样不容错过。

  推荐阅读《冰岛百科｜著名景区黄金圈－9种小众玩法》攻略，解锁更多黄金圈自驾与参团玩法。

  黄金圈,

  

  冰岛东部地域广阔，以极致的自然美景与迷人的历史文化著称。鲜少有人造访的东部峡湾即属冰岛东部大区，各具魅力的峡湾小镇与丰富的野生生态是东部峡湾的最大特色。

  冰岛东部的小镇与基础设施

  冰岛东部的城镇并不多，其中基础设施最完备的是东部地区的最大城镇：埃伊尔斯塔济(Egilsstaðir)。

  埃伊尔斯塔济镇上设有餐厅、商店、加油站以及适合不同旅行预算的住宿选择，也有博物馆等文化设施。埃伊尔斯塔济也设有机场，游客可以选乘冰岛国内航班，从雷克雅未克飞抵埃伊尔斯塔济，参加从当地出发的冰岛东部旅行团。

  塞济斯菲厄泽(Seyðisfjörður)是冰岛东部另一个著名小镇，《白日梦想家》电影就曾在此取景；除了一般的旅游服务外，游客还可以选择从这里搭乘轮船，前往斯堪的纳维亚地区的其他国家。“神山小镇”Djúpivogur也同样是冰岛东部的重要城镇之一。

  冰岛东部也是Kárahnjúkar水力发电站的所在地，电站为许多城镇提供能源。大坝的建造曾引发对冰岛生态环境的热烈争论。

  冰岛东部的自然与生态

  冰岛东部以群山环围的峡湾景色而闻名，幽深的峡湾内也坐落着许多可爱的渔村小镇。

  东部的内陆地区则有着肥沃的农业耕作区，同时也是冰岛最大森林Hallormsstaðaskógur的所在地，森林也是冰岛桦树分布面积最大的区域。距离森林不远处拉加尔湖(Lagarfljót)则是东部地区的另一大自然景点，传说湖中栖居着一只蛇形水怪！

  许多河流贯穿冰岛东部，在这些河流的河口通常都能找到海豹的聚居地。资源丰富的水域中富含海洋生物，也为鲸鱼和海豚提供了充足的食物，东部地区的自然生态因此无比活跃。

  冰岛最高的独立山峰Snӕfell是冰岛东部的地标性景点，高原绿洲Eyjabakkar则是世界上最大的粉脚雁栖息地之一。

  冰岛野生驯鹿也聚居在冰岛的东部。驯鹿最早被挪威商人带到冰岛，但由于缺乏系统饲养的农场，这些驯鹿现在均成为了无人养殖的野生动物。许多鸟类夏季时也会来到冰岛东部栖息，其中就包括可爱的海鹦。

  欧洲最大冰川——瓦特纳冰原(Vatnajökull)一路从冰岛南岸延展至冰岛东部，常常会在视线中出现。

  冰岛东部的文学文化

  冰岛东部文化、历史的中心是Fljótsdalshérað地区的Skriðuklaustur。这里曾是冰岛中世纪的修道院，也是东部地区的宗教中心；20世纪时，冰岛著名作家贡纳尔·贡纳尔松(Gunnar Gunnarsson)也曾经居住于此潜心创作。

  贡纳尔曾经创作出众多大师级文学作品，例如《降临节》(Aðventa)、《黑鸟》(Svartfugl)、《博尔加家族萨迦》(Saga borgarættarinnar)、自传体小说《山上教堂》(Fjallkirkjan)等。

  冰岛东部的现代文化依然活跃，主要以各类特色节日的形式体现。每年在塞济斯菲厄泽(Seyðisfjörður)举行的LungA音乐节、在Neskaupstaður举行的Eistnaflug重金属音乐节和Neistaflug音乐节都吸引了来自冰岛全国乃至世界各地的无数游客额。

  东部冰岛,

  

  雷克雅未克(Reykjavík)是冰岛的首都，亦是世界上位置最北的首都。

  相比其他北欧都市，冰岛首都雷克雅未克更多了几分静谧、几分安详(市区人口约为12万，大雷克雅未克地区人口也仅为20万)，但这座城市充满了活力与惊喜，每年都吸引无数游客来此体验世界尽头的另一种生活。雷克雅未克是冰岛的政治、经济与文化中心，也是世界上最干净、最安全的城市。

  雷克雅未克的地理位置

  雷克雅未克位于冰岛西南部，临法赫萨湾(Faxaflói)而建。冰川、地震与火山喷发运动共同塑造了这一地区的地理地貌，这一地区也富含地热能，要知道“雷克雅未克”的意思就是“冒烟的海湾”。

  雷克雅未克的大部分地区在大冰期时被掩埋于一座延伸至奥尔塔内斯半岛(Álftanes)的广袤冰川之下，其余部分则被海洋淹没。大冰期末期，陆块上升，冰川脱落，这片土地才得以浮出地表。

  雷克雅未克的海岸线曲折而绵长，点缀着众多半岛、海湾、海峡以及维迪岛(Viðey)等众多岛屿，海湾中还有多种海鸟与鲸鱼栖居。一座起伏有致的山峰点缀着雷克雅未克海岸，在不同季节变幻出不同的美，这就是著名的埃斯亚山(Esjan)。

  埃斯亚山是雷克雅未克地区的最高山峰，颇受徒步与登山爱好者的钟爱。从雷克雅未克海湾远眺，Akrafjall与Skarðsheiði也将映入视线。晴朗天气中，甚至连斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)上的斯奈菲尔冰川也会在天边浮现。

  Elliðaárdalur山谷中的Elliðaá河是雷克雅未克的最大河流，也是冰岛钓三文鱼的最佳地点之一。

  雷克雅未克的交通

  冰岛没有火车与地铁，最常见的交通工具是汽车与公交车。雷克雅未克还有两处港口：位于市中心的旧港与位于城市东部的Sundahöfn港。

  雷克雅未克市区内有一座国内机场，位于Vatnsmýrin，与市中心以及珍珠楼Perlan所在的Öskjuhlíð山相距不远。冰岛的国际机场是位于雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)上的凯夫拉维克国际机场(Keflavík)，距离首都约有50公里。

  游客可以选择租自行车、汽车或吉普车在雷克雅未克旅行，或直接参加从首都出发的旅行团。如果只是参观市中心地区的城市地标景点，可以选择直接步行或乘坐公交车。

  雷克雅未克旅行活动

  雷克雅未克是著名的北欧文学艺术之都，全年都会举办各种特色活动与节日。无论哪个月份来雷克雅未克旅行，都有机会邂逅来自世界各地的名人、艺术家、音乐家、歌手、作家、诗人等——例如比约克、胜利玫瑰Sigur Rós等冰岛知名音乐人；以及《宇宙天使》的作者埃纳尔·茂尔·古德蒙德松(Einar Már Guðmundsson)、曾与比约克合作作词且如今蜚声国际文坛的诗人松(Sjón)等。

  冰岛电波音乐节、Sónar音乐节、秘密夏至音乐节、雷克雅未克同志骄傲游行(Gay Pride)、雷克雅未克国际电影节RIFF、雷克雅未克文学节、文化之夜、雷克雅未克艺术节、美食欢乐节(Food & Fun)、雷克雅未克时尚周等大大小小的节日每年都会如期而至。

  想要更加深入地领略酷炫的冰岛文化历史，可以参观城市中的博物馆、艺术馆与摄影展览，在咖啡厅、酒吧或Harpa音乐厅听音乐现场演出，到城市旧港与Grótta灯塔观日落、等极光，在Laugavegur购物主街上购买旅行纪念品，或者去逛逛惊喜无限的跳蚤市场。游客还可以出海参加观鸟、观鲸旅行团，或者登上维迪岛，参观岛上的历史遗迹与艺术装置。阅读这篇《玩转雷克雅未克：十大必做之事》深度攻略，像冰岛本地人一样体验世界最北首都生活。

  

  冰岛议会大厦Alþingi前的Austurvöllur广场上伫立着冰岛独立“国父”Jón Sigurðsson的雕像，一街之隔便是雷克雅未克的主教座堂(Dómkirkjan)。广场周围环绕着多家餐厅、酒吧与咖啡厅。Austurvöllur是冰岛有名的抗议集会地点，2008年冰岛金融危机时愤怒的市民就曾齐聚广场抗议示威。

  沿Lækjargata街漫步，游客将到达托宁湖(Tjörnin)与市政厅。天鹅、鸭子、海鸥等水鸟常年在湖泊中栖息，托宁湖喂鸭子也是在雷克雅未克旅行的必做之事之一。湖滨公园是休憩、散步、遛狗的好去处，夏季时湖边还会不时举办露天音乐会。

  冰岛大学、北欧之屋(Nordic House)、Vatnsmýrin湿地与托宁湖仅一街之隔。各种与北欧有关的音乐、文学、艺术活动时常在北欧之屋上演，而其旁的Vatnsmýrin自然保护区则是许多鸟类的重要栖息地。

  沿海的雷克雅未克虽没有地中海式的阳光海滩，但天气良好时，由地热加热的Nauthólsvík海滩也是个游泳、晒太阳的好去处。城市中还有多家地热温泉泳池，其中最大一座位于Laugardalur，与Ásmundarsafn雕塑展览馆、雷克雅未克动物园、植物园都相距不远。

  另一座海滩Ægissíða位于雷克雅未克的西城区(Vesturbær)，开阔的海景与石滩景色令人心旷神怡，在海滩上可以远眺到冰岛总统府Bessastaðir。

  Skólavörðuholt山丘上的哈尔格林姆斯大教堂(Hallgrímskirkja)是雷克雅未克的另一座必游城市地标；购票登上教堂尖塔，游客可以一览雷克雅未克城市全景，将可爱的北欧彩色房顶尽收眼底。

  建于Öskjuhlíð山上的珍珠楼是鸟瞰雷克雅未克城市全景的另一个好去处，珍珠楼内也设有咖啡厅与冰岛自然展览。176000棵树木环绕着珍珠楼，营造了葱茏而静谧的环境。游客可以一边在林中骑车、漫步，一边呼吸清新的森林空气。

  雷克雅未克是许多游客游览冰岛的大本营。许多旅行团都从首都接团出发，黄金圈、蓝湖温泉等景点也与首都相距不远，自驾距离适中。首都范围内的Heiðmörk自然保护区以及城市外围的蓝山(Bláfjöll)也是颇受欢迎的自然景点。

  最详尽、最专业的雷克雅未克行程指南，尽在雷克雅未克攻略页面。

  雷克雅未克,

  

  阿克雷里(Akureyri)被誉为“冰岛北部首都”，栖于埃亚峡湾(Eyjafjörður)内，距离北极圈仅100公里；阿克雷里人口达17800，是冰岛第二大城市。

  经济概况

  阿克雷里是冰岛的渔业重镇之一，而近年来旅游业、工业、高等教育与服务业亦日渐成为城市的经济支柱。

  阿克雷里位于一号环岛公路沿线，交通发达。市中心三公里外即是国内机场，阿克雷里的港口亦多船只往来，颇为繁忙。

  渔业是阿克雷里的传统经济支柱，冰岛最大渔业公司Samherji在城市设有分部；冰岛最大的酿酒厂Vifilfell也设址于此，著名的Kaldi精酿啤酒就产自阿克雷里。

  阿克雷里基础设施极为完善，阿克雷里医院(Sjúkrahúsið á Akureyri (SAk), Fjórðungssjúkrahúsið á Akureyri (FSA))即是冰岛的两大医院之一。

  在阿克雷里旅行的游客还将领略到独一无二的北欧自然、文化与历史之美；Hlíðarfjall滑雪场更是户外运动爱好者的天堂，每年的Ak Extreme滑雪节都将在这座冰岛最佳滑雪场举行。

  自然概况

  阿克雷里位居埃亚峡湾(Eyjafjörður，又称岛屿峡湾)，四周为群山环绕，最高峰Kerling海拔达1538米。赫里塞岛(Hrísey)位于埃亚峡湾与格里姆塞岛(Grímsey)之间，两座岛屿同属阿克雷里辖域。赫里塞岛常被誉为“埃亚峡湾的明珠”，而格里姆塞岛是冰岛唯一一处位于北极圈内的领土，故有“北极圈的明珠”的美誉。每年夏季，两座僻静的小岛也都成了北极海鹦的热闹家园。

  阿克雷里与冰岛北部的其他热门景区也相距不远。米湖地区(Mývatn)、黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)均是冰岛北部钻石圈景区的明星景点。米湖以月球般的自然地质、外星般的地热活动与活跃的鸟类生活而闻名，黛提瀑布则是欧洲最汹涌的瀑布。

  

  瓦斯半岛(Vatnsnes)上的华姆斯唐吉(Hvammstangi)是冰岛观赏海豹的最佳地点之一，著名的犀牛石(亦称象鼻石)Hvítserkur也坐落于半岛地区。两处景点都与阿克雷里距离适中。

  沿一号公路从南部首都雷克雅未克北上，仅需5小时即可到达阿克雷里。

  历史文化概况

  二战期间，阿克雷里是同盟国的重要据点之一；城市也在外国驻军的影响下迅速发展扩大，大量居民从乡村迁入城市。

  阿克雷里是冰岛文化中心之一，文化场所、酒吧、餐厅中常常上演音乐演出与艺术展览。每年夏天，Vaka民俗节等盛大节日也会在阿克雷里举办。

  城市中的文化场所也展示了冰岛建筑之美：集音乐演出与展览于一体的Hof文化中心、主题各异的博物馆以及全年营业的圣诞屋。

  世界最北的植物园也是阿克雷里居民引以为豪的热门景点之一。想要体验冰岛小众生活的游客，还可以到市中心的温泉泳池去泡地热温泉。

  阿克雷里教堂(Akureyrarkirkja)是这座城市最知名的地标景点。教堂修建于1940年，由冰岛彼时最著名的建筑设计师古德永·塞姆埃松(Guðjón Samúelsson)设计；首都雷克雅未克的哈尔格林姆斯大教堂(Hallgrímskirkja)即出自古德永之手。

  阿克雷里,

  

  冰岛南岸的杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)是冰岛最著名的冰泻湖，位于冰岛一号环岛公路沿途，处于斯卡夫塔山自然保护区(Skaftafell)和霍芬镇(Höfn)之间，是冰岛旅行最热门的必游自然景点之一。

  地理

  杰古沙龙冰河湖由Breiðamerkurjökull冰舌的冰川融水滋养，而这条冰舌则发源自欧洲最大冰川——瓦特纳冰原(Vatnajökull)。

  一年四季无分昼夜，冰湖内始终漂浮着许多巨型冰块，其中的一些甚至与楼房等高。

  浮冰的巨型体积引人瞩目，而纯白与冰蓝混合的冰块颜色、掺杂火山灰的冰块纹理。也都令造访冰河湖的游人颇感震撼。

  

  浮冰跟随水流渐渐漂流入海，进入广袤的大西洋，而有些冰块则会被冲刷到Breiðamerkursandur黑沙滩上；这片聚集了无数如钻石般闪耀的碎冰的沙滩，也因此被冠上了“钻石冰沙滩”的名号。

  虽然杰古沙龙冰河湖只是近代才出现的自然景观，如今却已经成为冰岛最深的湖泊。目前杰古沙龙冰河湖深约248米，面积约为18平方公里。随着冰川不断消融退却，在不久的将来，杰古沙龙冰河湖也会逐步演变成冰岛最大的湖泊。

  历史

  杰古沙龙冰河湖并非自移民定居时代就一直存在的自然景观，而是在1935年才开始慢慢形成的。自20世纪以来，冰岛的平均气温逐年升高。1920年，Breiðamerkurjökull冰舌开始迅速融化退却，其融水也逐步填满了冰川脚下的大片空地，形成了一片冰河湖。

  杰古沙龙冰河湖的面积仍在持续扩张，现在的面积已经比1975年扩大了两倍以上。随着扩张持续，杰古沙龙冰河湖最终会变为峡湾。

  冰岛冰川的消融一直都是严峻的自然灾难，但无意中形成的冰河湖也称得上是一个短暂的“美丽错误”。

  

  世界各地的电影导演早已发现了杰古沙龙冰河湖的绝世之美。詹姆士·邦德系列电影《007之雷霆杀机》(1985年)、《择日而亡》(2002年)、《蝙蝠侠：侠影之谜》(2005年)等电影大片都曾在此取景拍摄，将冰河湖之美搬上了大荧幕。

  2017年，杰古沙龙冰河湖正式被纳入冰岛瓦特纳冰川国家公园，成为受冰岛法律保护的自然景点。

  野生生态

  潮汐为杰古沙龙冰河湖带来了众多的鲱鱼和毛鳞鱼，也因此吸引了许多野生动物来此安家，聚居觅食。

  夏季时，许多北极燕鸥会在此筑巢繁衍。北极燕鸥是攻击力极强的鸟类，它们会奋不顾身地攻击接近其鸟蛋的生物。如果在夏天到访冰河湖，一定不要走近北极燕鸥的巢穴，以防被攻击。此外贼鸥也会在此筑巢孵蛋、繁衍后代。

  野生海豹则一年四季都以冰河湖为家。无论任何季节到访杰古沙龙冰河湖，游人都有机会看到海豹们在巨型浮冰之间戏水嬉闹、慵懒躺卧的可爱景象。杰古沙龙冰河湖不但为海豹们提供了丰富的食物，也成为了它们避开冰岛东南部海域的虎鲸的避风港。

  杰古沙龙冰河湖,

  

  Hvíta is a glacier river in Arnessysla in South Iceland. It is one of the most popular rivers in Iceland for rafting, salmon fishing, and it is home to Iceland's most famous waterfall.

  Gullfoss Waterfall

  The river has its source in Hvítarvatn, by the roots of Langjökull. Many tributaries join it as it travels towards the ocean, making Gullfoss waterfall, which lays on its course, mightily powerful.

  At 32 metres (105 feet) tall, it falls in two steps into a magnificent canyon. There are several viewing platforms around it, and a café and visitors centre a short distance away.

  It can be seen in all seasons, with rainbows flying from its mists in summer and ice cladding the rocks around it in winter.

  Rafting in Hvíta

  Downstream from Gullfoss is the part of Hvíta that is most popular for kayaking, canoeing and rafting. To participate in rafting tours here, no experience is needed.

  These tours are not only exhilarating but expose guests to beautiful nature and geology.

  赫维塔河,

  

  冰岛东南部的瓦特纳冰川(Vatnajökull)是欧洲最大冰川，占冰岛国土面积的8%。

  以冰川为中心，冰岛建立了瓦特纳冰川国家公园。斯卡夫塔山冰川徒步(Skaftafell)、杰古沙龙冰河湖船游(Jökulsárlón)、11月～3月的蓝冰洞探秘等最热门、最经典的户外旅行项目都在瓦特纳冰川国家公园内进行。

  瓦特纳冰川简介

  瓦特纳冰川广袤无垠，总面积达8100平方公里；冰盖最厚处可达1千米，平均厚度也在500米左右。在全球变暖的大潮下，瓦特纳冰川虽也在渐渐消退，但其速度却比朗格冰川(Langjökull)、米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalskjökull)缓慢许多。

  冰岛最高峰、海拔2200米的华纳达尔斯赫努克火山(Hvannadalshnjúkur)即矗立于冰川之上，而冰盖之下则掩盖了格里姆火山(Grímsvötn)、Öræfajökull、巴达本加火山(Bárðarbunga)等数座冰岛最为活跃的火山。瓦特纳冰川地区火山活动频仍，许多地质学家也预测在不久的将来，冰川下的火山将再次爆发。届时，欧洲、美洲乃至世界范围的航空交通、农业生产与气候都将受到严重影响。

  30余条冰舌从瓦特纳冰盖溢出，以北部的Dyngjujökull以及南部的Breiðamerkurjökull与Skeiðarárjökull为最；西部的Síðujökull、Skaftárjökull与Tungnaárjökull均为注出冰川。

  瓦特纳冰川也孕育了无数河流，其中就包括数条冰岛最大的冰川河。以下是该地区的主要河流：

  • Tungnaá (西部)
  • Köldukvísl (西部)
  • Þjórsá (西部)
  • Jökulsá á Fjöllum (北部)
  • Skjálfandafljót (北部)
  • Jökulsá á Brú (东北部)
  • Jökulsá í Fljótsdal (东北部)
  • Jökulsá í Lóni (南部)
  • Hornafjarðarfljót (南部)
  • Jökulsá á Breiðamerkursandi (南部)
  • Skeiðará (南部)
  • Núpsvötn (南部)
  • Hverfisfljót (南部)
  • Skaftá (南部)

  瓦特纳冰川国家公园

  

  瓦特纳冰川国家公园建立于2008年，随后又有数个地区并入国家公园内。目前，公园占地14141平方公里，占冰岛国土面积的14%，也使其位列欧洲第二大国家公园。

  公园北部，Herðubreið平顶火山造型独特，赋予了冰岛艺术家无限灵感；阿斯基亚(Askja)、Snæfell、Kverkfjöll等火山也都位于这一地区。

  幽邃的Jökulsárgljúfur峡谷在数世纪前由冰川河切割而成。峡谷北端，磅礴汹涌的黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)奔腾咆哮，被誉为欧洲水能最丰富的瀑布；继续向北，马蹄形状的阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi，也译奥斯比吉)葱翠秀丽，在北欧传说中是主神奥丁的八蹄神马Sleipnir踏下的华丽足印。

  冰川东部的Snæfell地区多湿地、山脉，野生驯鹿与众多鸟类安居于此。瓦特纳冰川南端则多陡峭山脊，冰舌一直延绵至平原低地。Skeiðarársandur沙原亦位于冰川南部，Skeiðará冰川河蜿蜒流经黝黑的荒原，勾勒出纵横交错的震撼河网。

  Breiðamerkurjökull冰川旁的杰古沙龙冰河湖无疑是国家公园内的明星景点。硕大的冰块从冰川断落入浩渺的湖中，随静谧水流缓缓漂入大西洋；偶有冰块被冲刷上岸，塑造出梦幻而浪漫的钻石冰沙滩。杰古沙龙冰河湖也是冰岛最主要的海豹栖息地之一。

  瓦特纳冰川的未来

  

  瓦特纳冰川的面积已于1930年达到顶峰，此后便渐次消退。在过去的15年中，由于全球变暖、温度升高，瓦特纳冰川的厚度平均每年都会减少1米。

  如果全球气温逐步升高，冰川预计将在下世纪末消逝殆尽，仅在最高峰的顶点上残余些许小面积冰盖。为保护冰川，人们正在冰川周围积极植树造林，以期降低该地区的温度。

  流行文化中的瓦特纳冰川与杰古沙龙冰河湖

  瓦特纳冰川的壮美吸引了世界各地的无数游客，也有多部举世闻名的电影、电视剧在此取景，如1985年的《007之雷霆杀机》、2001年的《古墓丽影》、2002年的《007之择日而亡》、2005年的《蝙蝠侠：侠影之谜》等等。《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》的北境场景也取景于此。

  瓦特纳冰川,

  

  位处冰岛北部的米湖(Mývatn)是冰岛第四大湖泊，湖中散布着众多小岛。米湖及其周边地区以旖旎的自然风光、活跃的鸟类生活与活跃的火山地热活动而闻名遐迩，是冰岛旅行不容错过的经典景区之一。

  地质奇妙、风景如画的米湖还曾在诸多热门影视剧作中现身。《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》的北境就曾于此取景。

  米湖地质

  米湖位处地热区，紧邻火山区，活跃的地热火山活动在这里塑造出奇妙的地质景观。著名的克拉夫拉火山(Krafla)就位于米湖旁，而Víti“地狱”火山口即居于火山中。

  米湖中的小岛仿佛由天外飞星陨石撞击而成，实际上则是名为的“破火山口”或“假火山口”的地质奇观。滚热的岩浆流经水体，导致蒸汽爆炸，火山碎屑虽沉积为火山口的形状，但这些凹陷却不与任何岩浆房连通，故名“假火山口”。许多造型奇诡的玄武岩柱也从米湖地表突兀竖起，这些石柱则形成于岩浆的骤然冷却。

  米湖地下涌动的地热力量也塑造出了冰岛常见的地热温泉。在米湖天然温泉，游客能够以实惠的价格体验富含矿物质的温润泉水，感受“冰岛北部蓝湖”的魅力。

  米湖野生动物

  

  虽然没有憨态可掬的海鹦，米湖仍是冰岛的最佳观鸟地点之一。喜欢海鹦的游客可以在每年夏季，即5～9月期间来冰岛旅行，在西峡湾的拉特拉尔角(Látrabjarg)、冰岛南岸的迪霍拉里岬角(Dyrhólaey)寻找这些小生物的踪迹。

  米湖是世界上的最佳观鸭地点，这里生活着13余种鸭子，还有许多品种每年来此栖居。最常见的鸭种是可爱的白脸晨凫。

  米湖地区植被茂盛、食物充足，因此也有多种鼠类栖居于此，而冰岛唯一的野生动物北极狐就以鼠为食。

  米湖最珍奇的植被则要属球藻，也称海藻球(marimo)。这些毛茸茸、绿油油的可爱球形藻十分罕见，仅在日本、苏格兰、爱沙尼亚、澳大利亚与冰岛有所分布。

  米湖周围景点

  米湖本身的景色令人流连，米湖地区也集聚了众多自然胜景。黑暗城堡(Dimmuborgir)熔岩群形成于火山运动，黝黑的熔岩造型诡异骇人，神秘而暗黑的氛围油然而生。传说黑暗城堡就是冰岛十三个圣诞老人的住所。

  黑暗城堡也是《权力的游戏》的取景地，另一处取景地则是Grjótagjá温泉洞，也即剧中雪诺和耶哥蕊特的定情之地。温泉的温度起伏不定，如今已经封闭，游客只能在洞穴外观赏。

  Skútustadagígar假火山口与Víti火山口定会令您大开眼界，克拉夫拉火山附近以及Námaskarð地热区的蒸汽孔与地热喷泉也尽显地心深处的澎湃力量。

  米湖位于一号环岛公路沿线，与“冰岛北部首都”阿克雷里(Akureyri)之间交通便利。米湖以东的黛提瀑布则是欧洲最汹涌、最高、水能最丰富的瀑布，也曾在《普罗米修斯》等电影中现身。阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi)则牵引出另一段奇妙的北欧传说；这座马蹄形的峡谷传说就是由众神之首奥丁的八蹄神马踩出的一道足迹。

  米湖,

  

  黑暗城堡熔岩群(Dimmuborgir)坐落于米湖地区(Mývatn)，是冰岛北部最热门的自然景点之一；无数奇诡的民间传说在此悄然流传。

  地理概况

  黑暗城堡熔岩原形成于2300年前的一次火山爆发。米湖地区火山运动频仍，衍生了活跃的地热景观，其周边的Námaskarð地热区、Grjótgjá地洞温泉、克拉法拉火山(Krafla)都尽显冰岛地热运动的神奇。

  火山爆发出的熔岩流经湖泊，将湖水加热至沸腾，也加速了自身的冷却；高温下蒸发的水汽将熔岩击碎，冷却完全后的熔岩便呈现出松散、多孔的形态，因此黑暗城堡地区的熔岩群多孔洞，造型更为多变、诡异。中世纪的古堡中厅室众多、塔楼高耸，难怪许多人会将黑暗城堡与之相比。

  民间传说

  在冰岛文化中，熔岩洞穴常被认为是传说中的巨魔的栖居地，其中最著名的一只要数半魔半妖的Grýla和她窝囊的丈夫Leppalúði。Grýla喜食儿童，养有一只巨猫，相传圣诞期间没有收到新衣服的小孩就会被她吃掉！大人们常常用这个故事来敦促孩子们完成手头的编织缝纫工作。

  Grýla与Leppalúði育有十三个孩子，相传他们就住在黑暗城堡中。这十三个孩子也就是民间传说中的冰岛圣诞老人，从圣诞节前第十三天开始，他们会逐个进城捣乱搞怪；十三个老人各有把戏，他们的名字就取自他们的恶作剧。例如Stekkjastaur就是“骚扰羊群的”，Skyrgámur就是“舔skyr酸奶的”，Gluggagægir就是“从窗口偷窥的”。

  冰岛的许多可怖传说其实都有着颇为实用的用途，圣诞老人的传说主要是为了禁止孩子们在严冬的晚上出门；在天气恶劣多变的冬季，许多误入荒野的孩子都会失踪。冰岛逐渐现代化后，这些传说的恐怖与教化色彩渐渐消退，圣诞老人的故事越来越成为娱乐故事。在流行文化中，冰岛的圣诞老人也偶尔与美国的圣诞老人合体，带来丰盛的圣诞礼物，与此同时冰岛依旧保持着许多自身的圣诞习俗。

  此外，黑暗城堡因其诡异的气氛也常被比喻成地狱的所在；一些人就认为撒旦被逐出天堂时就坠落于此。

  美剧取景地

  黑暗城堡是大热美剧《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》的重要取景地之一，曼斯·雷德的野人阵营就取景于冬季的黑暗城堡。一支挪威重金属乐队也以黑暗城堡为名：Dimmu Borgir。

  黑暗城堡,

  

  胡萨维克(Húsavík)坐落于冰岛北部的Skjálfandi海湾内，是一座仅有2000居民的迷人小镇；胡萨维克也被誉为“欧洲观鲸之都”。

  观鲸胜地

  胡萨维克是冰岛乃至欧洲的最佳观鲸地点，夏季则是最热门的观鲸季节，成功率甚至可达100%。

  冰岛北部的Skjálfandi海湾内生活着多种鲸鱼，最常见的是座头鲸，此外还有白吻斑纹海豚与港湾鼠海豚，更加罕见的长须鲸、蓝鲸、虎鲸、白鲸也偶有现身。这些温柔的海洋巨人身子优雅美丽，不时会摆尾喷水，向人类展现着大自然的神秘与奇妙。

  在夏季的观鲸之旅中，可爱的海鹦也时常在空中飞舞；一次旅行团，可以同时体验观鲸与观海鹦的双重乐趣。

  其他旅行活动

  胡萨维克的北欧小镇风情也引人驻足。胡萨维克教堂(Húsavíkurkirkja)建于1907年，是少见的木制教堂；胡萨维克博物馆则展出了当地的文化与生态，其中的北极熊标本与古船展品颇为著名；探索博物馆(Exploration Museum)则以人类的地理、科学探险为主题。这座北极圈下的可爱小镇洋溢着文化教育的氛围。

  胡萨维克与月球地表般的米湖景区(Mývatn)与冰岛北部首都阿克雷里(Akureyri)都相距不远，是冰岛北部的重要旅行中转站。小镇上基础设施完备，您可以在咖啡厅或餐厅中品尝冰岛本地美食，或在民俗、酒店、度假屋中住宿。不妨在午夜阳光或北极光下，沿着胡萨维克的小径自由漫步，欣赏Skjálfandi海湾的开阔风光。

  小镇历史

  胡萨维克的冰岛语意为“房屋的海湾”；在冰岛定居史开始前，也即公元874年前，这里便已有人定居建房。公元870年，瑞典人Garðar Svavarsson在胡萨维克度过了一个冬天；根据文献记载，他令“夜行者”Náttfari与两个奴隶定居于此、建立农场，他们在此建造起的房屋，便成为了这座海湾的名字由来。

  胡萨维克,

  

  Ásbyrgi Canyon is a spectacular horseshoe-shaped depression in the northeast of Iceland, steeped in folklore.

  It is found only fifty miles east of Húsavík along the popular Diamond Circle route.

  Geography of Ásbyrgi Canyon

  This beloved natural feature measures approximately 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) in length and 1.1 kilometres (0.7 miles) in width. It is only a small corner of the extensive and dramatic Vatnajökull National Park, but undoubtedly one of its most breathtaking.

  Visitors to Ásbyrgi will quickly take note of the canyon’s 100 metre (328) feet high cliff faces, as well as the thick woodland of birch and willow below, creating an area quite unlike that found anywhere else across Iceland.

  Other tree species here include spruce, larch and pine, and there is a small lake called Botnstjörn which visitors can hike to. One of the canyon's most distinctive features is Eyjan ("The Island"), a 25m rock formation that divides Ásbyrgi for almost half its length.

  Formation and Folklore of Ásbyrgi Canyon

  Geologists estimate that Ásbyrgi Canyon began to form roughly eight to ten million years ago, just after the last Ice Age, following a catastrophic glacial flooding of the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river. This flooding likely occurred due to a volcanic eruption beneath the ice-cap, Vatnajökull glacier.

  Later, only 3000 years ago, this process repeated itself, further sculpting the soul-stirring, spectacular gorge that we know and love today.

  With that being said, Icelandic folklore dictates an alternative theory, as it does with many of the landmarks around the country. Given the canyon’s horseshoe shape, legend has it that Odin’s eight-legged steed, Sleipnir, placed one of his feet on the ground here, leaving a deep imprint on the earth, as it sprinted across the sky.

  A wealth of art and literature has depicted Sleipnir as Ásbyrgi’s true creator. Other myths claim that Ásbyrgi is the capital city and true home to Iceland’s ‘hidden people’, the Huldufólk and elves. Many of Iceland’s folk stories revolve around these strange, magical people and the bizarre punishments and plots.

  Self-professed psychics have claimed that they can see and hear these mystical beings living in cracks and ravines of the canyon. Much more likely to be hidden in the woodland, however, are Arctic Foxes.

  Attractions near Ásbyrgi Canyon

  Thankfully, a number of other fascinating attractions are easily accessible from Ásbyrgi Canyon. One could visit Hljóðaklettar, a strange and enchanting cluster of columnar rock formations located in the neighbouring Jökulsárgljúfur canyon.

  Nearby, there is also Europe’s most powerful waterfall, Dettifoss, a striking and mighty spectacle for any observer; glacial water from the Jökulsá á Fjöllum cascades 44 metres (144 ft) over the lip of the falls, culminating in a misty, roaring spray.

  The video below shows one of Iceland’s most famous post-rock bands, Sigur Ros, who chose to play an outdoor concert at Ásbyrgi in 2006, only adding to the area’s rich and ethereal atmosphere. This and the rest of their performances can be seen in the film Heima (2007).

  阿斯碧尔吉峡谷,

  

  冰岛北部的黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)被誉为欧洲最高、最汹涌、水量最大的瀑布，是钻石圈景区的必游景点。

  地理概况

  黛提瀑布位于澎湃的菲约德勒姆冰河(Jökulsá á Fjöllum)之上，发源自欧洲最大冰川瓦特纳冰川(Vatnajökull)。瀑布宽100米、高45米，水声暴裂如雷鸣，平均每秒水量达193立方米，滚滚落入幽邃的Jökulsárgljúfur峡谷。

  峡谷与瀑布位于冰岛最大国家公园——瓦特纳冰川国家公园的北部，均被列为自然保护区。菲约德勒姆冰河还滋养了另外两座壮观的瀑布：塞尔福斯瀑布(Selfoss)与Hafragilsfoss瀑布。

  

  周围景点

  黛提瀑布、西峡湾与斯奈山半岛都不在冰岛一号环岛公路上，但有两条路况复杂的公路连通主路与瀑布。前往黛提瀑布的最佳方式是驾驶四驱车或参加旅行团，但在冬季时，四驱车有时也无法驾驭崎岖的冰雪路况。

  距离黛提瀑布最近的大型城镇是“冰岛北部首都”阿克雷里(Akureyri)。拥有超过一万居民的阿克雷里，是除首都大雷克雅未克地区外最大的城镇，也是环岛旅行者以及冰岛北部旅行者最常选择的住宿与中转地点。

  胡萨维克(Húsavík)也是冰岛北部地区的一座广受游客欢迎的迷人小镇，更有着“欧洲观鲸之都”的美誉，夏季时观鲸成功率甚至可达100%。冰岛海域最常见的鲸鱼种类有座头鲸、小须鲸、白吻斑纹海豚、港湾鼠海豚等，更为珍奇的蓝鲸、长须鲸、塞鲸、剑刎鲸、领航鲸、白鲸、虎鲸也偶有现身。

  钻石圈景区的另一处景点米湖地区(Mývatn)位于阿克雷里与黛提瀑布之间。米湖以活跃的鸟类、多样的植被与良好的生态而闻名；多种鸟类栖居于此，以鸭类为最。

  米湖地区的地质风光也同样震撼。火山地热运动塑造了假火山口、玄武岩柱、黑暗城堡熔岩原群(Dimmuborgir)等奇诡的地质构造；传说黑暗城堡还是冰岛十三个圣诞老人的家园。

  黑暗城堡与米湖都是大热美剧《权力的游戏》的取景地，黛提瀑布则在2012年的电影《普罗米修斯》中频频现身，瀑布本身的暗黑磅礴氛围与电影中的异世外星完美契合。

  位于一号公路沿线的众神瀑布(Goðafoss)坐落于阿克雷里与米湖之间。众神瀑布虽然不及黛提瀑布恢弘，却独具秀美旖旎之处，也曾见证恢弘的冰岛历史。公元1000年，冰岛法律宣讲人宣布冰岛摒弃北欧众神旧教，转而皈依基督教，并将北欧神像掷入瀑布中——这便是“众神”一名的由来。

  黛提瀑布以北是绝美的阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi)。这座马蹄形状的峡谷郁郁葱葱，传说是北欧众神之首奥丁的八蹄神兽的一个壮丽足印。

  黛提瀑布,

  

  斯奈菲尔冰川火山(Snæfellsjökull)坐落于冰岛西部斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)的中央，以冰川为核心而建的斯奈菲尔国家公园是冰岛三大国家公园之一。

  冰川海拔达1446米，晴朗天气中，从首都雷克雅未克的港口即可远眺到冰川的雪盖；冰川之下隐藏的成层火山已有七十万年的地质历史。

  这座山峰本名为斯奈菲尔(Snæfell，即“雪山”)，而为了将其与其他同名山峰区分开，人们在山峰后加上了冰川一词“jökull”。

  全球变暖大势下，斯奈菲尔冰川也难逃厄运；2012年时，冰川顶部的积雪就史无前例地全部融化，冰川的未来命运令人担忧。

  历史

  海德利桑德(Hellissandur)、Rif、欧拉夫斯维克(Ólafsvík)等几处小镇散落在斯奈菲尔冰川周围，它们在历史上都曾是活跃繁忙的商业中心与渔业重镇。

  13世纪起，渔业开始在斯奈山半岛地区(Snæfellsnes)兴盛起来，开阔的海域与便捷的地理为捕鱼提供了完美的自然条件；布雷扎海湾(Breiðafjörður)也无比富饶，其中生活着丰富的鱼类。

  许多小镇也因商贸渔业往来而得以建立、发展，Dritvík就是其中著名的一座；虽然规模不大，小镇上曾有40～60艘渔船往来，劳动力数量达600余人。

  19世纪时，伴随着工业化与鱼群数量减少，这一地区的渔业亦渐渐萎缩，但半岛上的许多居民如今仍以捕鱼为生。当地的经济支柱无疑是旅行业，随着2001年斯奈菲尔国家公园的建立，越来越多的游客会到访这座美景无限的“冰岛缩影”半岛。

  民间传说

  几个世纪来，斯奈菲尔冰川一直被认为蕴含着神秘而古老的能量，许多游客慕名而来，朝圣之旅屡见不鲜。

  在流传自14世纪的《鲍达尔萨迦》传说(Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss)中，半人半魔的主人公鲍达尔(Bárður)在故事结尾进入冰川之中，成为了斯奈菲尔冰川的守护神。

  相传冰川上的许多石块都是巨魔遭遇阳光石化而成，或是神秘的隐身人——精灵的栖息之所。

  1993年11月5日，成千上百的人聚集于斯奈菲尔冰川等待外星人UFO的出现与降落，美国CNN甚至派来了一队摄影人员。虽然外星人并未现身，但仍有许多人相信圣洁而美丽的斯奈菲尔冰川掩藏着许多我们还未解开的谜团。

  文学文化

  在法国小说家儒勒·凡尔纳于1864年创作的名作《地心历险记》中，斯奈菲尔冰川是通向地心世界的入口；这座冰川火山也为其他艺术家与文学家赋予了无限的创作灵感。

  在捷克科幻作家路德维克·索切克(Ludvík Souček)的作品《盲鸟》以及冰岛诺贝尔文学奖得主哈尔多尔·拉克斯内斯(Halldór Laxness)的《冰川下的基督》中，斯奈菲尔冰川都扮演了重要的角色。

  附近景点

  

  斯奈山半岛上还分布着多样而神奇的地质景观，例如冰川脚下的Djúpalónssandur就是一片美丽的火山黑沙滩，矗立大西洋中的Lóndrangar怪物海岸则是两座巨型玄武岩柱，Gatklettur岩石拱也是一处造型鬼斧神工的天然熔岩构造。

  Djúpalónssandur黑沙滩上陈列着四块举重石，曾经的海员就利用这几块石头比试自己的力气，检验自己是否到达了出海的标准。四块石头分别名为：Amlóði(无用)、Hálfdrættingur(弱儒)、Hálfsterkur(半力)、Fullsterkur(全力)。要成为海员，至少要能搬动“半力”！

  Saxhóll火山口与Sönghellir“唱歌洞”也是斯奈山半岛上的热门地质景点。

  斯奈菲尔冰川,

  

  位于冰岛南岸的斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)宽约25米，高约60米，是冰岛境内规模最大、最负盛名的瀑布之一。丰沛的瀑流激起无数水花，在阳光照射下常有彩虹高悬于瀑布之上，故也有“彩虹瀑布”的美誉。

  发源自Skógá河的斯科加瀑布造型经典恢弘，在一号环岛公路上即可眺望到瀑布的壮丽景致，聆听到瀑布的隆隆水声。斯科加瀑流汇聚成溪，溪流中生活着大量北极红点鲑与三文鱼，夏季时常有人来此垂钓。

  斯科加瀑布下的陆地十分平坦，游客可以直接行走到瀑布的宽阔水幕边，感受水花击面的快意；但游客需准备防水衣物，以防被瀑流打湿。游客也可以沿阶梯攀登至瀑布顶端，在开阔的观景平台上俯视冰岛南岸全景；阶梯陡峭，请游客量力而行。

  斯科加瀑布周边景点

  斯科加瀑布位于斯科加小镇(Skógar)旁，艾雅法拉冰川火山以南。游客可以在此游览几座小众博物馆。在斯科加民俗博物馆(Skógasafn)，游客可以参观古老的木屋与草顶房建筑，欣赏冰岛的传统手工艺作品。

  斯科加博物馆还设有以“交通”为主题的展览馆，展示冰岛交通、通讯与科技的历史变迁；数百年间，从骑马到驾车，从书信到电子设备，冰岛以令人惊异的速度实现了现代化。

  斯科加博物馆另设有咖啡厅与纪念品商店，斯科加小镇上则开设有酒店与餐厅。

  冰岛著名的菲姆沃罗豪尔斯(Fimmvörðuháls)徒步路线就位于斯科加瀑布以东，这条22公里的徒步线路将带领游客沿斯科加河而行，穿梭于米尔达斯(Mýrdalsjökull)、艾雅法拉(Eyjafjallajökull)两座冰川之间，进入绝美的索斯莫克峡谷(Þórsmörk)。

  斯科加瀑布的民间传说

  斯科加博物馆中展出了一只金环。据民间传说记载，该地区最早的维京定居者之一Þrasi Þórólfsson曾拥有一只宝箱，金环原本就嵌于宝箱之上。公元900年，Þrasi预感大限将至，就将装满黄金的宝箱藏入斯科加瀑布后的洞穴中。

  许多人都曾试图取出宝箱，而当人们抓住宝箱一侧的手环时，手环突然脱落，宝物便也永久地消失了。这只金环后被赠予当地教堂，成为教堂的门环。如今金环安静陈列在博物馆中，默默无语地诉说着千年以来的传说与历史。

  斯科加瀑布,

  

  塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)位于冰岛南岸，坐落于冰岛一号环岛公路旁，高约60米，造型似“水帘洞”，可穿行至瀑布后方。

  便利的交通与旖旎的风光使其成为了冰岛最著名、最多游客到访的瀑布之一。塞里雅兰瀑布也是摄影师镜头下的宠儿，在许多风景大片之中都可以找到它的身影。

  地理位置与周边景点

  塞里雅兰瀑布由冰川融水滋养，与塞里雅兰河(Seljalandsá)均发源于埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)；冰盖下掩埋的火山曾在2010年大爆发，造成了当时欧洲航空交通瘫痪。

  塞里雅兰瀑布的水帘狭长，从高耸的古老海崖上飞流直下，而这处悬崖在古时曾是冰岛海岸线的所在地，随着时间推移与地质变迁，逐步演变成如今的形貌。

  

  塞里雅兰瀑布最显著的特色就是水幕后面有一条可以步行的通道。在夏天，游人可以沿着这条步道走到瀑布的后方，隔着水幕欣赏冰岛南岸葱郁的夏色。冬季时，由于水幕后的洞穴上方经常悬挂着冰柱，岩石也全被冰雪覆盖。出于安全考虑，这条小径通常不会开放。

  如果想穿越瀑布，游人要有被水气沾湿的心理准备。瀑布后方的岩石与小径也会因水气而变得湿滑，游览时请务必小心足下。

  2001年，塞里雅兰瀑布的两侧安装了灯照，让游人在没有午夜阳光照耀的冬季也可以欣赏到瀑布的胜景。

  在游览塞里雅兰瀑布过后，不要忘记也去旁边的秘密瀑布(Gljúfrabúi)一游。秘密瀑布隐藏在一面巨大的岩壁后，是独具冰岛特色的惊喜小众景点。

  冰岛南岸的另一大瀑布斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)也位于塞里雅兰瀑布不远处，也是游人们造访南岸必到的旅游景点。斯科加瀑布与塞里雅兰瀑布同高，虽不能像塞里雅兰瀑布一样绕行，瀑流却更宽阔，水力更磅礴，呈现出迥然不同的瀑布胜景。

  设立游客中心的小风波

  2017年，政府宣布准备在瀑布旁建设游客中心。根据设计，游客中心预计高7米，面积2000平方米，但这个想法遭到了这一地区土地所有人的极力反对，主要原因是游客中心的兴建会破坏瀑布的自然之美，也会对当地环境造成影响。

  目前这个建筑项目仍被搁置，当地政府正在考虑减小建筑的规模，或者把建筑地点移到附近的Brekkuhorn农场。

  塞里雅兰瀑布与流行文化

  塞里雅兰瀑布曾出现在贾斯汀·比伯《I’ll Show You》的MV之中，但贾斯汀在音乐录影带中演示了许多破坏冰岛环境以及让自身陷入危险的不良行为，例如肆意践踏珍贵的苔藓、赤身走入杰古沙龙冰河湖等，大家到冰岛旅行时千万不要效仿。

  塞里雅兰瀑布也曾被美国电视台真人秀《极速前进》(The Amazing Race)第六季设为挑战的第一站。

  塞里雅兰瀑布,

  

  盖歇尔地热区(Geysir)是举世闻名的间歇泉喷发区，坐落于冰岛西南岸的Haukadalur山谷中。

  辛格维利尔国家公园(Þingvellir)、黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)与盖歇尔地热区共同组成了冰岛最热门的黄金圈景区。

  盖歇尔间歇泉地理特征

  盖歇尔间歇泉的喷发强度曾为所有间歇泉之首，如今却鲜少喷发，而Haukadalur山谷中还分布着多座间歇泉，其中就包括最为活跃的史托克间歇泉(Strokkur)，以及规模更小的Smiður与Litli-Strokkur。

  史托克间歇泉是世界最活跃的间歇泉之一，每隔5～10分钟就喷发一道沸腾的水柱，高达20～40米，场面颇为壮观。许多游客都会准备好相机，拍下史托克陡然喷发的壮丽一瞬。

  

  盖歇尔间歇泉规模更大，但如今的喷发频率极低，间隔数年方能喷发一次；而盖歇尔常常是不喷则已，一喷惊人，水柱高度可达70余米。

  盖歇尔间歇泉以北分布着许多蒸汽孔，散发的滚滚蒸汽在凉爽的冰岛空气中徐徐飘动，别是一番外星般的奇妙风光。蒸汽孔周围的土地则被硫磺等矿物漆染，大地呈现出斑斓的地热色彩交织。

  山谷南部的Þykkuhverir沸泥潭则仿佛是童话故事中巫婆的大锅，如锅炉般一刻不停地冒泡。沸泥潭实际上也是蒸汽孔的一种，泥浆干涸后便成为普通蒸汽孔。

  盖歇尔间歇泉周边小众景点

  Kúalaug天然温泉与盖歇尔间歇泉相距2公里，温泉最多可容纳3～5人，水温在39～43°C之间。在体验温泉时，要格外注意保护该地的脆弱生态。温泉底部为土壤，因此水中混有些许泥浆；温泉底部生长有湿滑的水藻，游客需注意安全，以防跌倒。

  Haukadalur山谷虽为地热区，但经过不断的植树造林，这里也生长起一片颇为茂盛的森林。Haukadalsskógur是冰岛南岸的最大森林之一，游客可以经由林中小径漫步，参观林中植被，以及为纪念林务员Gunnar Freysteinsson而修建的树木博物馆。

  盖歇尔地热区的文化历史

  自冰岛有人定居开始，Haukadalur山谷就一直有人居住，人们还曾在此修建教堂。冰岛11世纪的著名历史学家Ari Þorgilsson就成长于此；冰岛第一所牧师学校就建立于此。Haukadalskirkja教堂为木质教堂，其建筑风格可追溯至1842年，展现着冰岛工业化进程开始前的建筑风情。

  Hotel Gullfoss酒店距盖歇尔地区约7公里；Hotel Geysir酒店则与景区仅一路之隔，景区设施齐全，设有咖啡厅以及纪念品商店。

  盖歇尔间歇泉,

  

  黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)又译为居德瀑布、古佛斯瀑布，发源自冰岛西南部的Hvítá白河，是冰岛最壮丽、最著名的瀑布之一。

  Hvítá白河发源自朗格冰川(Langjökull)；河流跌落32米，历经两级阶梯，最终汇入峡谷，塑造了黄金瀑布这座壮观的双层瀑布。黄金瀑布与辛格维利尔国家公园、盖歇尔间歇泉地热区共同组成了冰岛最受欢迎的旅行景区——黄金圈。

  黄金瀑布分为两层，我们也可将其视为两座瀑布。第一层也即较短的一层瀑布高约11米，第二层瀑布高约21米。瀑布两侧的峡谷岩壁耸拔70余米，一线倾斜后又与开阔的Gullfossgljúfur峡谷相接。据地质学家推算，峡谷的形成历史可追溯至末次冰期的冰川洪流。

  黄金瀑布夏季每秒钟的水量可达140立方米，冬季时的水量约为109立方米/秒。丰沛而湍急的水流使得瀑布气势磅礴，令每一位身临其境的游客颇感震撼。

  黄金瀑布是冰岛黄金圈景区的三大景点之一，许多旅行团也从黄金瀑布集合出发，其中最受欢迎的要属在朗格冰川进行的雪地摩托与冰川隧道旅行团。

  黄金瀑布的历史

  

  正因蕴含了丰富的水能，黄金瀑布的磅礴风光才如此引人入胜。黄金瀑布的能量却也引起了外国投资者的兴趣。1907年，一位名为Howell的英国商人就曾设想在黄金瀑布建立水电站。Howell出价购买黄金瀑布，而当时黄金瀑布地段的所有者Tómas Tómasson严辞拒绝，说出了“我不会出卖我的朋友！”这句名言。于是Howell转而选择租用这片土地，以实现修建水电站的计划。

  保卫瀑布的重任落在了Tómas的女儿Sigríður Tómasdóttir身上，她雇用了一位律师，努力以法律的方式捍卫瀑布的自然生态。Sigríður数次往返于官员所在的雷克雅未克与家乡黄金瀑布之间，几度徒步走过100公里的路程，与各方斡旋。为了阻止人们破坏瀑布，Sigríður甚至威胁跳入瀑布，以其生命誓死抵抗。

  Sigríður的抗争终获成功。1929年，Howell撤回其租约，放弃了修建水电站的计划，黄金瀑布也得以保持其原始却美丽的自然生态。Sigríður也常被赞誉为冰岛第一位环境保护主义者，被载入冰岛史册。黄金瀑布旁的石碑上就记载了她的光辉事迹。Sigríður的律师Sveinn Björnsson也是冰岛历史中的重要人物：1944年冰岛建国后的首位总统。

  黄金瀑布景区的餐饮

  在黄金瀑布咖啡厅(Gullfoss Cafe)中，游客可以品尝冰岛特色美食；在黄金瀑布景区的商店中，游客也可以将冰岛特色旅行纪念品带回家。

  黄金瀑布,

  

  埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)，也译作艾雅法拉冰川，是一座举世闻名的冰岛火山，2010年的火山大爆发曾一度阻断欧洲的航空交通。艾雅法拉冰川海拔1651米，是冰岛南岸的主要景点之一。

  地理概况

  艾雅法拉冰川的面积约为100平方公里，是冰岛的第六大冰川。冰岛第四大冰川米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)与其毗邻。与艾雅法拉冰盖一样，米尔达斯冰川下也掩藏了一座活跃的火山，名为卡特拉(Katla)。艾雅法拉火山的爆发震慑了世人，其实卡特拉火山内蕴藏的能量要远远超过艾雅法拉。

  两座火山的岩浆房实则彼此连通，艾雅法拉火山的爆发也意味着，卡特拉火山亦将在本世纪内大规模爆发。

  Gígjökull等多条分支冰川从艾雅法拉注出，许多河流也得到冰川融水的滋养，冰岛南岸塞里雅兰瀑布的水源就来自于艾雅法拉冰川。

  艾雅法拉火山爆发

  冰岛是一个火山之国。1783～1784年的拉基火山大爆发(Laki)在冰岛与世界历史上都记下了浓墨重彩的一笔，巨量火山灰从冰岛飘至欧洲大陆，甚至间接导致了法国大革命的爆发。2010年3月20日、4月15日，历史再次重演，艾雅法拉火山两度喷发，滚滚浓烟从火山口源源不断地涌出。

  最危险的还不是火山岩浆，而是随之而来的能够摧毁一切的强劲冰川洪流。800人从该地区撤离，动物被挪至室内，有呼吸系统问题的居民也必须留在室内。

  欧洲的航空交通因火山爆发而全面阻滞，截止4月15日晚，火山灰已抵达英国、斯堪的纳维亚与德国部分地区。欧洲旅客们的行程也被滞留了8天之久，在苏格兰与爱尔兰地区，部分航班甚至被推迟了一月之久。

  火山爆发中并无人员伤亡，但冰岛南部居民的呼吸系统却受到了不同程度的影响，许多农场也被火山灰与冰川洪流摧毁。

  自公元874年冰岛有人定居以来，艾雅法拉火山曾爆发了4次，分别在公元920年、1612年、1821～1823年以及2010年。19世纪的火山爆发中逸出了大量氟化物，深刻影响了当时的冰岛人与冰岛动物的骨骼构造。

  今朝的艾雅法拉火山

  如今冰岛南岸已经重归平静，艾雅法拉也成为了颇受欢迎的安全旅游景点。在Hvolsvöllur小镇，游客可以参观火山展览，了解Þorvaldseyri农场在火山爆发后的重建与新生。

  冰岛的火山都被严密监控着，游客无需担心会在冰岛旅行时遭遇火山爆发的危险。近期内，艾雅法拉火山没有爆发的可能，但卡特拉冰川已在“蠢蠢欲动”。

  埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖,

  

  迪霍拉里(Dyrhólaey)位于冰岛南岸，是一座120米的狭长半岛，也是一座拱门形状的海蚀岬角。半岛上伫立着一座古老的灯塔，而每逢夏季海鹦等海鸟回归的日子，这里也会成为冰岛的观鸟胜地。

  迪霍拉里意为“门山之岛”，是火山运动的产物；在与冰岛主岛连接起来之前，曾是一座离岸的独岛。古时航海的水手常把它称作“波特兰角”(Cape Portland)。

  迪霍拉里标志着冰岛主陆的最南端，紧邻一号环岛公路，与冰岛最南城镇维克镇(Vík)也相距不远。

  从冰岛首都雷克雅未克出发，沿冰岛南岸一路前往迪霍拉里，游客将经过几处闻名遐迩的冰岛自然景点：塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)、斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)以及埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)。

  迪霍拉里拱门

  迪霍拉里半岛也是一座历经海浪侵蚀的石拱，远远望去犹似拱门，因此也有“岛屿之门”的称号；站在半岛之上，游人可以俯瞰冰岛南岸的秀丽风光，将延绵无垠的黑沙滩尽收眼底。

  石拱空间广阔，普通船只可以轻易穿越其空隙；1993年，一位胆大的飞行员甚至成功驾驶飞机，从石拱中穿行而过。

  迪霍拉里野生生态

  迪霍拉里是许多鸟类的聚居地，最常见的品种是绒鸭。著名的北极海鹦(“帕芬鸟”)也是这里的常住居民，每年夏季5月到9月之间就会来此筑巢栖居。

  除迪霍拉里外，冰岛还有不少观赏海鹦的完美地点。从首都雷克雅未克市中心的旧港乘船出海，进入法赫萨湾(Faxaflói)，即可到达观赏海鹦的著名小岛。

  海鹦并不害怕人类，游人可以近距离观察它们。但海鹦不喜欢被触碰，如果一只海鹦被吓跑，附近的海鹦全都会跟着离开。因此在冰岛观测海鹦时，请与其保持一定距离。

  迪霍拉里周边景点

  攀上迪霍拉里之顶，整片黝黑沙滩的胜景以及周围延绵起伏的山峦都将映入眼帘，大西洋的滔滔白浪不断翻滚又退却，开阔的南岸全景令人陶醉。

  雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)与雷尼斯石柱群(Reynisdrangar)就位于迪霍拉里近旁，孤傲的火山岩石与大西洋海浪相互角力的画面无比震撼，请务必小心猛然翻起的巨浪，远离海边，以免发生危险。

  米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)位于迪霍拉里以北，冰盖下隐藏的卡特拉火山(Katla)是冰岛最活跃的火山之一。不少专家预计火山将在近期爆发，想要游览火山的游客请务必关注火山动态，或者报名冰岛本地旅行团，以最安全保险的方式造访。

  迪霍拉里的最顶端伫立着古老的迪霍拉里灯塔(Dyrhólaeyjarviti)。灯塔有着白色的塔身与红色的塔顶，从1919年开始修建，1927年竣工。每隔大约10秒钟，游人就可以看到灯塔中闪出一缕白光，照向无垠的大海。

  

  迪霍拉里岬角,

  

  辛格维利尔国家公园，又译辛格韦德利国家公园，是冰岛大陆上唯一被联合国教科文组织认证为世界文化遗产的地点。它和盖歇尔间歇泉、黄金瀑布，组成了著名的黄金圈旅游线路。公园南侧是冰岛最大的湖泊－辛格瓦德拉湖（Þingvallavatn）。

  地理

  辛格维利尔的地理地质特性在世界上独一无二。欧亚大陆板块与美洲大陆板块在此相会，且暴露在海平面之上。全世界只能在冰岛看到两大地质板块在海平面之上相会的地质奇观。

  游览时，建议从美洲大陆板块一侧开始观光，在这里的信息牌上可以阅读到这个地区的更多有趣信息和历史，之后可以再走入其下的山谷。

  历史

  

  辛格维利尔在冰岛语中的意思为“议会土地”，从它的名字就不难猜出它的历史。在这里，世界上的第一个民主议会诞生－公园930年，维京人选址在此，创立了冰岛的议会。

  民主议会也许和维京人喜欢战争掠杀的名声背道而驰，但当时的30多个氏族急需在恶劣的新环境中求得生存与繁荣。第一次集会的空前成功，让议会得以保留。每年，人们聚集在此，解决争端、审判罪犯、制定让所有人都能受益的法律。

  冰岛联邦就此诞生，让冰岛人在成为挪威王国的选民前就获得了独立与自由。冰岛在辛格维利尔的年度议会一直延续到了1798年。

  丹麦王国取消了冰岛的议会，直至1845年，冰岛的议会在雷克雅未克重生。

  辛格维利尔在冰岛历史上的另一个重要角色与信仰有关，公园1000年，挪威入侵冰岛，冰岛人在辛格维利尔舍弃异教信仰、北欧众神，转而投信基督教。

  冰岛的法律演讲人、议长Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði是冰岛的这场信仰危机中起到了决定性的作用，他考虑了一天一夜，才回到这里宣布了他的决定。

  为了见证冰岛信仰的转变，Þorgeir将北欧众神的神像抛入北部的众神瀑布－Goðafoss，瀑布正得名于此。

  丝浮拉裂缝

  

  辛格维利尔是冰岛最受欢迎的自然景点之一，而除了上述的自然、历史原因，它还有另一大独特的景观－丝浮拉裂缝（Silfra，又译史费拉裂缝）。丝浮拉裂缝流淌着冰川水，是世界上排名前十的浮潜、潜水地。

  丝浮拉在冰岛语中意为“银”，是公园内的一个水下峡谷，能见度高达100余米，温度常年保持在零上。世界各地的人们在这里穿上潜水衣，去水下享受完美的失重感，以及遨游在两大地质板块间的难得体验。

  辛格维利尔,

  

  Hraunfossar(熔岩瀑布) ('Lava Falls' in English) in Borgarfjörður district is a series of beautiful waterfalls formed by rivulets streaming out of the Hallmundarhraun lava field. It is located in West Iceland near another waterfall called Barnafoss.

  Geography and Surroundings of Hraunfossar

  The lava field that Hraunfossar trickles through flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the nearby glacier of Langjökull, the second largest ice-cap in Iceland. The waterfalls pour into the Hvítá river from ledges of less porous rock in the lava.

  The Hvítá river is one of the most popular rivers amongst visitors for two reasons. Firstly, it is the most easily accessible rafting river from Reykjavík, with rapids that are manageable even for total novices. Secondly, it is the river that hosts the mighty waterfall Gullfoss, one of the three sites of the popular the Golden Circle route.

  

  Because the area around Hraunfossar used to be the site of constant eruptions, the lava fields are known for their hidden caves. The country's longest cave, Víðgelmir, can be found near the waterfall. This amazing feature is 1,595 metres long (5,200 feet), up to 15.8 metres high (52 feet) and 16.5 metres wide (54 feet).

  Its geological history may be fascinating, being just a thousand years old, though its human history stirs just as much intrigue as the lava field was once home to bandits and, according to folklore it is the home of trolls.

  Another major site near Hraunfossar is an incredibly short walk away, and though also a waterfall, could not be more different. Barnafoss surges down a narrow, rocky valley with ferocious power, foaming and churning quite spectacularly. According to legend, however, the force of these rapids led to tragedy.

  It was said that an old stone bridge once went over the falls, and two boys at a nearby farm, bored at home, attempted to cross it to catch up with their parents at church. However, they felt dizzy due to its height, fell, and drowned.

  The legend ends in two different ways, with the least interesting saying the mother in grief simply ordered the bridge destroyed. Other tales say that she cursed the bridge using an Icelandic rune so that any who crossed would meet the same fate as her sons.

  In this version, the bridge and curse were later broken by an earthquake.

  The story led the waterfall its name; it translates to ‘Children’s Falls’.

  Settlements near Hraunfossar

  The nearest settlement of significance to Hraunfossar is Reykholt.

  This tiny village has a huge history, being home to the legendary writer, chieftain, lawspeaker and poet Snorri Sturluson. Without Snorri, huge amounts of Icelandic, Nordic and even British history would be unknown.

  He alone at the time catalogued a history of Norwegian kings and their relations with other monarchs through the work Heimskringla, as well as the Norse mythological beliefs through Prose Edda. It is also believed that Snorri first wrote many of the sagas still read today.

  Reykholt has a centre dedicated to Snorri called Snorrastofa, which discusses his fascinating life as much as his works. Working during the times of Iceland’s tumultuous civil war as a chieftain, lawspeaker and spokesman of the Norwegian king, who had ambitions to take the country, it is a story with as much politics, betrayal, blood and sexual impropriety as Game of Thrones.

  Hraunfossar is also reasonably close to Borganes, another town with a long history. Here, visitors can see the Settlement Centre with its two exhibitions on Iceland’s past, one is on the first people to reach this island over a thousand years ago, and the other is on Iceland’s most famous saga, Egil’s Saga.

  赫伦瀑布群,

   

  

  Deildartunguhver is a hot spring located in Reykholtsdalur, a district of west Iceland. Deildartunguhver is the highest flowing hot spring in Europe and is widely known for its rapid flow rate of 180 litres (380 pints) per second.

  Geothermal activity at Deildartunguhver

  Reykholtsdalur is one of Iceland’s most popular places to see hot springs, along with the Geysir Geothermal Area, the Highlands, the Reykjanes Peninsula, Reykjadalur Valley and Námaskarð Pass. While each of these areas have their appeal, at no other does the water rise with such ferocity.

  The water at Deildartunguhver hot spring emerges at a constant 97 degrees Celsius (207 degrees Fahrenheit), making it incredibly dangerous for those who venture too close. Thankfully, there are a number of wooden walkways and observation points that lead you around the hot springs without putting you at any risk.

  Due to the sheer energy bubbling under Deildartunguhver, much of the water is used for heating Icelandic homes. One pipe travels 34 kilometres (21 miles) to Borgarnes, whilst another travels 64 kilometres (40 miles) to Akranes.

  This means that if you’ve taken a shower or bath within a 64-kilometre radius of Deildartunguhver, you will have touched the water from the hot spring.

  All Icelandic hot water comes from hot springs such as this, except in some parts of the Westfjords which are now geologically much older than the rest of the country, and thus less active.

  This is a fantastic example of how Icelanders efficiently use the geothermal energy provided and is one of the major reasons as to why Iceland has such an excellent reputation for green energy.

  Points of Interest at Deildartunguhver

  

  Whilst in the area, many visitors choose to make a stop at Krauma Geothermal Bath & Spa, a fantastic and relaxing complex that makes for a cheaper, more isolated alternative to the Blue Lagoon.

  Visitors to Kraua will experience the hot water of Deildartunguhver blended perfectly with glacial water from Iceland’s smallest ice cap, Ok (which rhymes with ‘talk’), creating the perfect bathing temperature.

  Krauma has a total of six pools, a relaxation room and two steam baths.

  Visitors to Deildartunguhver with an interest in botany will also be able to check out the Blechnum Spicant, aka; “deer fern”, a type of plant that grows nowhere else in Iceland.

  Surroundings of Deildartunguhver

  Deildartunguhver is located in west Iceland. The two most notable points of interest nearby are two waterfalls, Hraunfossar and Barnafoss.

  Hraunfossar, or the ‘Lava Falls’, is, in fact, a series of tiny cascades that trickle through an old lava field. Barnafoss, or ‘the Children’s Falls’, is a more powerful rapid, steeped in a dark legend.

  Deildartunghver is also near Víðgelmir, the longest lava cave in the country, trailing for 1,595 metres (5,200 feet) beneath the surface of the earth.

  The most significant settlement near Deildartunghver is Reykholt, a beautiful village with a fascinating history. This settlement was once home to Snorri Sturluson, a historian, writer, chieftain and poet without whom we would know very little of the Nordic mythology, folklore and history at the time.

  His works, and life--full of politics, betrayal, affairs and war--can be learnt about in the town at the Snorrastofa Centre.

  德尔达图赫菲温泉,

  

  Strokkur is Iceland’s most visited active geyser. One of the three major attractions on the world-famous Golden Circle sightseeing route, it is usually visited alongside Gullfoss Waterfall and Þingvellir National Park.

  Strokkur is found in the Geysir Geothermal Area, titled after the Great Geysir, which lent its name to all others across the world. It is the greatest active geyser on site; Geysir itself is in a period of inactivity. Strokkur erupts more regularly than Geysir ever did, blasting water to heights of around fifteen to twenty metres every five to ten minutes, although it is known to reach up to forty metres. 

  Strokkur and Haukadalur Valley

  

  Strokkur is the primary feature of the Haukadalur valley and the main reason why it is one of the most visited sites in the country. While Geysir will very occasionally still erupt to enormous heights, it is nowhere near reliable enough to justify the area’s popularity.

  Haukadalur valley, however, has many other features that make it worth a visit. The natural beauty of the area is shaped by the forces of the earth; fumaroles, hot-springs, mud-pits and other little geysers are littered around, and the ground itself is dyed vividly by elements such as sulfur (yellow), copper (green) and iron (red).

  Opposite the main geothermal area in Haukadalur Valley is a restaurant, cafe, hotel and luxury gift shop.

  Science behind Strokkur

  

  Active geysers like Strokkur are rare around the world, due to the fact that many conditions must be met for them to form. They are thus only found in certain parts of highly geothermal areas.

  The first condition that is necessary is an intense heat source; magma must be close enough to the surface of the earth for the rocks to be hot enough to boil water. Considering that Iceland is located on top of the rift valley between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, this condition is met throughout most of the county.

  Secondly, you will need a source of flowing underground water. In the case of Strokkur, this comes from the second largest glacier in the country, Langjökull. Meltwater from the glacier sinks into the surrounding porous lava rock, and travels underground in all directions.

  Evidence of this flowing water can be found in Þingvellir National Park, where there are many freshwater springs flowing straight from the earth.

  Finally, you need a complex plumbing system that allows a geyser to erupt, rather than just steam from the ground like a fumarole. Above the intense heat source, there must be space for the flowing water to gather like a reservoir. From this basin, there must be a vent to the surface. This vent must be lined with silica so that the boiling, rising water cannot escape before the eruption.

  Environmental Issues with Strokkur

  One of the main reasons that Geysir entered a period of inactivity was due to the fact soap used to be pumped into the vents to make the eruptions more dramatic; it damaged the structure of the vent and prevented water building up. Strokkur, therefore, is guarded against all interference, with chains keeping visitors a good distance away.

  Unfortunately, however, there have been incidents where people have meddled with its natural state. For example, an artist called Marco Evaristti once poured food colouring into it to make the eruption pink. He defended himself by claiming that nature was open to artists to utiltise and the fact the colouring was all-natural, but he became a pariah amongst many Icelanders, and was arrested and fined (though never paid it).

  史托克间歇泉,

  

  斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)位于冰岛西部，集聚了几乎所有最具特色的冰岛地貌，因此也有“冰岛缩影”之称。

  冰岛三大国家公园之一斯奈菲尔冰川国家公园(Snæfellsjökull)即坐落于半岛之上。公园环绕巨型冰川火山而建，秀丽的瀑布、巍峨的山峰、嶙峋的熔岩、宁静的海滩、可爱的渔村小镇点缀着半岛绵长的海岸线。这里还流传着许多奇诡的传说故事，在冰岛人之间代代相传。

  在天气格外晴朗的日子，从冰岛首都雷克雅未克的海边也可以遥看到斯奈山半岛的身影。如果将在冰岛逗留超过一个整天，不妨到斯奈山半岛一游。

  斯奈山半岛的自然景点

  

  斯奈山半岛地处雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)和西峡湾之间，曲折的海岸线绵延90公里。一道山脉系统贯穿半岛，其中包括或活跃或休眠的火山，最著名则是被冰盖覆盖的斯奈菲尔冰川火山。

  自斯奈山半岛南端开始游览，您将首先来到Eldborg火山口。游人可以攀上火山口的顶端，俯瞰周遭美景。继续向前，您将到达六棱玄武岩石壁Gerðuberg，领略鬼斧神工的火山地质。沿着海岸线前行，下一站是Ytri-Tunga海豹沙滩，憨态可掬的野生海豹常在海滩上悠然自得地晒太阳。

  Rauðfeldsgjá峡谷格外迷人，游人可以沿着峡谷前方的小道，踏溪逆流而上，进入峡谷内观赏另一番洞天。造访这个景点需要一定的体力，也不要忘了穿上结实的登山鞋。

  Londrangar海蚀柱于大西洋惊涛中傲然矗立，这片海滩亦有“怪物海岸”之称。嶙峋的火山岩柱成为了许多海鸟的巢穴所在，也使海滩成为了冰岛的观鸟胜地。

  进入斯奈菲尔冰川国家公园，您将邂逅更多地质胜景。这是冰岛三大国家公园中面积最小的一座，却是唯一一座与海洋相连的公园，蕴藏着无数自然宝藏。

  Djúpalónssandur黑沙滩是一片开阔的卵石海滩。古时冰岛渔民用来测试力气的“举重石”仍然置于海滩上，只有可以成功举起石头的人才有资格成为正式的渔民。

  国家公园内还有两个可以在夏季参团造访的火山岩洞：以绝妙回音而闻名的“回音洞”(Sönghellir)以及色彩斑斓、容易到达的瓦汀舍利尔熔岩洞穴(Vatnshellir)。

  矗立于半岛中央的斯奈菲尔冰川无疑是半岛上的明星景点。即使不打算参加旅行团亲自登上冰川徒步，在游览半岛时也不能错过这处景点。法国作家儒勒·凡尔纳的科幻名著《地心探险记》中，通往地球中心的入口就位于斯奈菲尔冰川。冰岛诺贝尔文学奖得奖者哈尔多尔·拉克斯内斯(Halldór Laxness)的《冰川下的基督》的故事背景。

  Berserkjahraun熔岩原坐落于斯奈山半岛北部的Bjarnarhöfn小镇旁，这里曾发生过骇人听闻的杀人案件，更被当地人视为“闹鬼”的地区。斯奈山半岛最受欢迎的景点则非教会山(草帽山，Kirkjufell)莫属。教会山是冰岛最著名的摄影取景地之一，还曾在人气美剧《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》中现身。

  斯奈山冰岛的小镇

  

  斯奈山半岛上散布着许多美丽安详的渔村小镇，主要集中在捕鱼更为方便的半岛北部地区。其中最著名的小镇有阿尔纳斯塔皮(Arnarstapi)、海勒那尔(Hellnar)、 布迪尔(Búðir)、海德利桑德镇(Hellissandur)、欧拉斯维克(Ólafsvík)、 格伦达菲厄泽(Grundarfjörður)和斯蒂基斯霍尔米(Stykkishólmur)等。

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米小镇是半岛上的较大城镇之一，许多游客会预定小镇上的酒店。小镇上有灯塔、教堂、火山博物馆等匠心独运的地标景点，游客还可以从港口乘船出发，穿越布雷扎湾(Breiðafjörður)直接抵达西峡湾地区，沿途还会经过避世胜地弗拉泰岛(Flatey)。

  如果对博物馆与历史文化感兴趣，海德利桑德小镇的“海事博物馆”、欧拉斯维克小镇的“地区博物馆”以及可以品尝到冰岛传统“美食”臭鲨鱼的Bjarnarhöfn小镇鲨鱼博物馆，都值得您一游。

  斯奈山半岛,

  

  索尔黑马冰川(Sólheimajökull)是冰岛南岸米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)的一条分支，距离雷克雅未克仅有158公里，是距离首都最近的冰川之一。

  由于距离雷克雅未克较近、便于抵达，索尔黑马冰川是冰岛最热门的冰川徒步地点之一。另一处最受游客欢迎的冰川徒步体验地是东南岸的斯维纳山冰川(Svínafellsjökull)。

  索尔黑马冰川地理概况

  索尔黑马冰川面积广阔，长约8公里、宽约2公里。作为米尔达斯冰川的一支冰舌，索尔黑马冰川和米达冰川之间没有明确的分界，甚至看起来面积更大一些。

  米尔达斯冰川是冰岛第四大冰川，索尔黑马并非其唯一一条分支冰舌。磅礴无垠的冰盖下实则隐藏了冰岛最活跃的火山之一：卡特拉火山(Katla)。

  同样位于该地区的艾雅法拉冰川火山(Eyjafjallajökull)曾经在2010年大爆发，使欧洲航空交通一度瘫痪；根据以往经验，在艾雅法拉火山爆发后，卡特拉火山通常也会随之而爆发，然而目前为止卡特拉仍未有爆发迹象。

  您无需担心在游览冰川时会遭遇火山爆发。冰岛有着完备的火山检测系统，如有迹象，政府会及时通知旅行团营运商与附近居民。只要您报名的冰川或火山旅行团仍然正常出发，就说明火山仍处于安全的状态；您甚至可以参加旅行团，进入冰川或火山的内部一探究竟。

  让人惋惜的是，索尔黑马冰川的面积正在逐年锐减，冰川脚下的冰河湖也因冰川的快速融化而迅速扩大。冰湖每年都会扩展大约一个标准奥运泳池的面积。预计在未来的100年之内，索尔黑马冰川将完全消失。

  全球变暖已经是无可逆转的现实。如果您有幸在索尔黑马冰川消失之前到访，请好好珍惜它日渐消逝的美丽。

  

  索尔黑马冰川成为冰岛必游景点的原因有三：首先，冰川位于冰岛一号环岛公路沿线，易于到达，无论是顺时针还是逆时针环岛都会经过冰川。其次，冰川周围没有高耸的山脉，登顶后可以一览无余地领略冰岛南岸绝色全景。再次，冰川上有许多高耸的冰墙，十分适合进行攀冰活动，满足户外运动爱好者的挑战欲。

  索尔黑马冰川上还有冰缝、冰裂、冰窟等特色冰川地貌，如果足够幸运的话，甚至还可以发现天然冰洞。与火山灰交杂的冰壁将呈现出黑、白、蓝相间的奇妙颜色，让人产生登上外星球的奇幻错觉。

  索尔黑马冰川下还有一条冰川融水汇集成的河流：Jökulsá á Sólheimasandi。从冰川脚下一路缓缓而流，途径索尔黑马黑沙滩(Sólheimasandur)，冰川河最终汇入海洋。

  索尔黑马冰川旅行团

  不少从雷克雅未克出发的冰岛南岸一日游都会包含索尔黑马冰川游览或者冰川徒步项目，也有许多以索尔黑马冰川徒步为主题的一日游，一天之内即可在首都和索尔黑马冰川之间往返。

  如果参加冰岛南岸一日游到访索尔黑马冰川，旅行团通常还会沿途造访斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)、塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)、雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)等景点，时常更长的一日游还会抵达瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)和杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)。

  想要登上冰川徒步，必须跟随专业向导。冰川向导受过专业训练，对冰川地貌更加了解，能够保证游客的旅行安全。旅行团运营商还会为游客准备必需的安全装备：冰爪、冰镐、头盔等，参加者需要自行准备保暖防风的衣物和结实的登山鞋。

  在正式开始冰川徒步前，向导将介绍安全装备的使用方法，讲解冰川上的安全须知。准备参加冰川徒步的游客最好懂英文，能够听懂向导的安全讲解，或者有同行翻译陪伴。出于安全考量，旅行团向导有权利拒绝不理解安全须知的游客参团。

  索尔黑马冰川,

  

  Mýrdalsjökull is a glacier in the south of the Icelandic highlands. It is the country's fourth largest ice cap, covering nearly 600 square kilometres (232 square miles), and its highest peak is almost 1500 meters tall. It is most well-known for sitting atop the notorious and explosive volcano, Katla.

  Mýrdalsjökull is visible from Route 1 on the South Coast, sitting to the north of the village of Vík. It is visited on some snowmobiling, ice caving and helicopter tours, and one of its glacial outlets, Sólheimajökull, is the most popular place in the country for ice-climbing and glacier hiking.

  Eruptions beneath Myrdalsjokull

  Since 2010, the world has known of the volcano beneath Eyjafjallajökull; after all, it halted European air travel for over a week and stumped news readers everywhere. Few, however, are aware of the much larger volcano right beside it.

  Mýrdalsjökull conceals Katla, one of the country’s most active volcanoes, having erupted, on average, once every fifty years since 930 AD. Because of the glacier above it, these eruptions tend to cause enormous ash clouds. It is these ash clouds that lead to flights being grounded, crops and livestock poisoned, and have the potential to change the world’s climate.

  

  The last major eruption beneath Katla was in 1918, in which such huge lahar floods occurred that the southern coastline was extended five kilometres outwards. This area is also very susceptible to glacial floods, or 'jökulhlaup', during eruptions, even when the lava does not break through the surface of the ice. These are as dangerous as the lava itself, having wiped out whole Icelandic villages before.

  Historically, the area was little settled for this reason.

  Katla is connected to the same volcanic system as Eyjafjallajökull and usually erupts violently a few years after Eyjafjallajökull does. As the ex-president, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson said in 2010:

  ‘The time for Katla to erupt is coming close… it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over Europe and the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption’

  So it is currently several years overdue. Katla is monitored heavily, and roads around it closed when seismic activity increases. All road closures around Iceland can be found on Road and Coastal Administration's website.

  Tours on Myrdalsjokull

  While there are no eruptions immediately imminent, tours continue to run onMýrdalsjökull, allowing visitors to enjoy the glacier. It is, for example, possible to snowmobile across its surface throughout the year and take ice caving tours beneath it from October to April, with departures from both Reykjavík and Vík.

  Considering the ice caves under Vatnajökull glacier are usually only accessible from November to March, this provides a wider window of opportunity for travellers to Iceland outside of the depths of winter. It should be noted that the caves in Mýrdalsjökull do not have the same blue ice, however.

  Tours around Myrdalsjokull

  Mýrdalsjökull can be seen on all South Coast tours that reach Vík and beyond in clear weather. It can also be seen from above on helicopter tours that depart from Reykjavík.

  The best perspectives of the glacier, however, can be found on the popular Fimmvörðuháls hiking trail, which goes between Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull. Part of this hike can be done in a day, or you can take the complete route from Þórsmörk to Skógar on a three-day trek

   

  米尔达斯冰原,

  

  斯卡夫塔山是冰岛Öræfasveit地区的一个自然保护区，它曾经是一个国家公园，2008年，和杰古沙格鲁夫尔(Jökulsárgljúfur)国家公园合并为如今的瓦特那冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull National Park)。

  斯卡夫塔山的自然景点

  斯卡夫塔山地区的植被非常有特色，它们生长在沙地与冰川形成的特色地貌上，给整个地区带来盎然生机和独特的自然风光，游人很容易就会在这个地区内发现飞泻而下的瀑布、静谧的冰河湖、火山特色地貌和黑沙滩。这些多样化的景致也让斯卡夫塔山自然保护区成为了受摄影爱好者们欢迎的景区。

  正如冰岛南岸许多地区一样斯卡夫塔山自然保护区内有着许多绝色的徒步路线，也有“冰岛徒步天堂”之称。与冰岛另一个长途徒步天堂—中央内陆高地地区不同，斯卡夫塔山景区内的徒步路线通常都只需要大半天时间就可以完成。

  从斯卡夫塔山游客中心就有一条非常简单的徒步路线，让游人可以沿徒步路径通向斯瓦蒂瀑布(Svartifoss，意为黑瀑布，又译为魔鬼瀑布)、Hundafoss瀑布，以及斯卡夫塔山冰川(Svínafellsjökull)，远处是Kristinartindar山和Morsardalur山谷。

  对于户外运动爱好者来说，斯卡夫塔山地区内是可以报名旅行团体验冰川徒步或者攀冰活动的最佳地点之一；如果有丰富的徒步登山经验，更可以选择报名难度高的冰岛最高峰华纳达尔斯赫努克火山(Hvannadalshnjúkur)的徒步旅行团，跟随经验丰富的徒步向导，登顶冰岛最高峰。

  你也可以选择静态的活动，例如前往冰岛南岸大名顶顶的旅游景点—杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)、钻石冰沙滩(Diamond Beach)观景游玩，体验冰岛冰川静谧之美。

  

  如何前往斯卡夫塔山

  斯卡夫塔山自然保护区位于冰岛东南部一号环岛公路旁，从首都雷克雅未克(Reykjavík)出发，需要大约4小时车程才可以到达。由于冰岛一号公路南岸沿途有许多大牌景点，游人通常都会采取边玩边走的方式慢慢朝斯卡夫塔山进发，因此实际从雷克雅未克到斯卡夫塔山会比预计的4小时长出许多。

  雷克雅未克与斯卡夫塔山之间有着许多著名的冰岛著名旅游景点，其中包括南岸著名两大瀑布：塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)、斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)；赫赫有名的米达冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)、埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)；广袤的Sólheimasandur黑沙滩、Skeiðarársandur黑沙滩；有着特色火山岩石的迪霍拉里(Dyrhólaey)海岬、以及本身就是冰岛代表性岩石的雷尼斯岩柱群(Reynisdrangar)。如果需要中途停歇、加油或者补充干粮，则可以选择在途径的维克镇(Vík)和教堂镇(Kirkjubæjarklaustur)内进行。

  斯卡夫塔山游客中心

  在斯卡夫塔山的游客中心(Skaftafell Visitor Center)，你可以找到此地区最完备的信息，以及它的历史、地理知识。你可以了解以此为出发地的各个徒步线路、观光建议、住宿选择等。

  在斯卡夫塔山地区也有郊区酒店方便准备在这个地区深度游览的游客落脚，但如果希望入住这些酒店，必须提许久预定—斯卡夫塔山是非常热门的冰岛住宿地点，住宿很容易被提早订满。如果你没办法预定区内的酒店，也可以考虑预定距离保护区不远霍芬镇(赫本镇,Höfn)或者教堂镇(Kirkjubæklaustur)内的住宿。

  斯卡夫塔山,

  Wikimedia, Creative Commons, photo by Reykholt

  The Blue Mountains, otherwise known as Bláfjöll, are a beautiful mountain range in the south-west of Iceland. They hold some of the most popular skiing slopes in Iceland, and well as the potential for other activities such as caving and hiking.

  The Blue Mountains are located around 20 kilometres (12 miles) from Reykjavík, by the lava plateau of Hellisheiði.

  Geology of the Blue Mountains

  The Blue Mountains partially cover the Mid Atlantic Rift, which runs through Iceland. The very regular earthquakes and sporadic eruptions, therefore, are explained the high level of geological and geothermal activity that this rift creates.

  Most of the mountains are now dormant, not having erupted since the last Ice Age, but not all.

  Due to their formation, the Blue Mountains are composed of tuff rock.

  Activities in the Blue Mountains

  

  As mentioned, the Blue Mountains has some of the most popular slopes in Iceland. Being so accessible from Reykjavík, just a twenty five minute drive away, the region draws those who love to ski and snowboard from the beginning of February to the end of April.

  Due to these opening dates, winter sports have become somewhat of an Easter tradition for many of those living in the capital.

  The resort here is the largest in Iceland, and boasts 16 ski lifts, and 15 kilometres (nine miles) of slopes. Equipment can be rented on site, and there are regular lessons taught for newcomers. Regardless of if you are a novice or expert, there are slopes for all abilities.

  Cross country skiing is also very popular in the area, but should only be done by those experienced, or with a trained guide. Some snowmobilers also make the most of the opportunities the mountain provides.

  Other areas for skiing in Iceland include Akureyri and Skaftafell Nature Reserve.

  A popular activity that can be enjoyed in the Blue Mountains throughout the year, however, is lava caving. Due to the the volcanism of the area, the plateaus around the mountains are composed of many layers of lava rock.

  When this lava first cooled, it did so from the outside in, leaving running magma beneath it. If this magma had a place to flow out to, it would form a lava cave.

  Leiðarendi is a beautiful tunnel, formed in a kind of ring that allows visitors to fully explore it. Trips to Iceland’s lava caves provide wonderful opportunities to learn about the nation’s geology, history of bandits, and folklore, particularly the tolls.

  This lava tube also demonstrates the volcanism of the Blue Mountains. It was, in fact, created by two seperate eruptions, one two thousand years ago and one a thousand years ago. The lava tunnels formed in each collapsed together at what is now the entrance of the cave.

  Much of the area around this cave and much of the Blue Mountains is covered in a delicate moss, that creeps over the lava. When visiting any area with this unique flora, such as hiking trails through the mountains, be careful not to step on it as it is remarkably delicate

   

  蓝山,

  

  Þingvallavatn (anglicised to Thingvallavatn, ‘the Lake of the Fields of Parliament’) is a rift valley lake located roughly forty-minutes drive from Iceland’s capital city, Reykjavík.

  Features of Thingvallavatn

  Þingvallavatn is partially within the boundaries of Þingvellir National Park, Iceland’s oldest National Park and only one with UNESCO World Heritage Site status.

  Covering an area of 84 square kilometres (32 square miles), Þingvallavatn is the largest natural lake in Iceland with its greatest depth measuring at 114 metres (374 feet). Þingvallavatn is situated on the Mid-Atlantic Rift, on a part of the ridge known as the Reykjanes Ridge.

  The lake has only one outflow, the river Sog.

  Of particular note to biologists and fishermen are the four morphs of Arctic Char that inhabit the lake. The lake’s char are an excellent example of species evolving to fit and adapt to a secluded environment; over ten thousand years, one species of Char has transformed into four different-sub branches. Other fish in the lake include the the Brown Trout and the Three-Spine Stickleback.

  History and Geology

  Þingvallavatn takes its name from the historical founding of the Alþingi, which occurred in 930 AD at what is now known as Þingvellir National Park. Þingvellir literally translates to ‘Fields of Parliament’.

  The Alþingi was the first democratically elected representative parliament in world history (examples such as Ancient Athens were direct, not representative, democracies); Icelanders used to travel by foot or horseback simply to congregate at Þingvellir where they would hear the latest laws and judgements of the island.

  Þingvellir National Park is also notable for its geology. Given its position on the Mid Atlantic Ridge, the park is one of the only places on the planet where visitors can see both the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates standing exposed from the earth.

  Footpaths allow you to get up close and personal to the plates, standing right where the ancient settlers once did. In between the tectonic plates lies fields of dried volcanic rock, blanketed with a thick, yet fragile layer of Icelandic moss.

  Scuba Diving in Thingvallavatn

  Scuba diving around Þingvallavatn revolves around two sites, Silfra Fissure and Davíðsgjá (David’s Crack), the former being one of the most popular spots on the planet for snorkelling and underwater exploration.

  Silfra Fissure is situated between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates and is filled with crystal-clear glacial water originating from the Langjökull ice cap. The water measures at between two degrees Celsius all year round, with a slight current preventing the fissure from ever freezing over.

  Davíðsgjá is found within Þingvallavatn and is often considered the darker and more dramatic cousin of Silfra Fissure, resembling the gorge formation so prevalent across the Mid Atlantic Rift.

  Only certain tour operators provide tours into Davíðsgjá, so make sure to do some research beforehand if you are looking to access this dive site during your time in Iceland.

   

  辛格瓦德拉湖,

  Photo from Thrihnukagigar Volcano Tour

  Þríhnúkagígur is a dormant volcano in west Iceland, famous for its enormous magma chamber. It is the only magma chamber in the world that can be entered, and has a depth of 213 metres (699 feet).

  Formation of Þríhnúkagígur

  Þríhnúkagígur was a normal volcano in Iceland’s Blue Mountain range, also call Bláfjöll. However, its last eruption, almost 2,000 years ago, had some very unusual consequences.

  After an eruption, the magma chamber of a volcano, now free of pressure, usually remains full of lava that cools into solid rock until the next eruption. If the magma chamber is fully emptied, the volcano will usually collapse in on itself.

  To the bewilderment of scientists, however, neither of these things happened to Þríhnúkagígur.

  It seems that a rift beneath the chamber drained it of all remaining lava, leaving behind an enormous chamber, that covered an area of 3,270 square metres (35,200 square feet). To give some idea of the scale of this, the Statue of Liberty could stretch her limbs within it, and it could comfortably fit Hallgrímskirkja church.

  Unusually, the volcano did not collapse, and it has remained unchanged since.

  Discovery and Exploration of Þríhnúkagígur

  The vast magma chamber under Þríhnúkagígur would not be discovered until 1974, by an Icelandic cave explorer. Its discovery made world news, as volcanologists had not seen anything like it before, and were fighting to try to explain its existence.

  In 2012, it was opened for tourism. A lift, akin to those used in mining, was installed, and visitors were now allowed to join tours plumbing its depths.

  Its popularity comes not only from the uniqueness of the tour and the scale of the chamber, but the incredible colouration within it. Mineral deposits dye the walls vivid shades of red, yellow, green and blue, making the incredible space that much more ethereal.

  Reaching Þríhnúkagígur requires a short but uphill hike, which can be done by any steady on their feet with a reasonable level of fitness. Tours only operate in summer.

   

  斯瑞努卡基古火山,

  

  Höfn is an Icelandic fishing town of just over two thousand people in southeast Iceland. It is the most significant settlement on Route 1 between the village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur in the south and Egilsstaðir in the east.

  Geography of Höfn

  Höfn means ‘harbour,’ as the town is located in one of the few natural harbours of Iceland’s South Coast; unlike the rest of the country, this stretch is beachy and flat, and thus there are hardly any small coastal villages when compared to places such as the Snæfellsnes Peninsula.

  The town is right at the tip of its own peninsula, which is easy to reach throughout the year. It sits at the base of Route 99, which detours off from Route 1. It is surrounded on three sides by the ocean, which has been known to freeze over in extreme conditions.

  The town can also be reached by plane in good weather, as it is one of the few locations in the country with a domestic airport.

  The largest glacier in Europe, Vatnajökull, which sits in a National Park of the same name, is within clear view of Höfn.

  Nearby Locations to Höfn

  

  Höfn is most often visited by those driving the full Ring Road of Iceland, as a place to stay just before or after visiting the South Coast or East Fjords.

  It is also visited independently, however, by those seeking to spend enough time near the sites of southeast Iceland, most notably Vatnajökull National Park, the Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon, the Diamond Beach and Vestrahorn Mountain.

  All of these sites are incredible. Vatnajökull, for example, is incredibly diverse, boasting a huge array of different sites to marvel over. In its southwestern corner, for example, it is home to the Skaftafell Nature Reserve, an oasis of unbelievable scenery, whereas to its west sits the mighty mountain Snæfell, renowned for its wildlife such as pink-footed geese and reindeer.

  The Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon has recently been enveloped into the National Park, but warrants its own discussion. Out of all the sites listed, it is here where most visitors to Höfn want to spend the bulk of their time. This lagoon is, in fact, Iceland’s deepest lake, and renowned for being full of great icebergs throughout the year.

  These bergs snap off of a tongue of Vatnajökull glacier, before slowly cruising through the waters towards the ocean. As they travel, they often become resting spots for some of the many seals who live in and around the lagoon.

  The site is marvellous to behold, with a particular appeal for landscape photographers. Visitors, however, should not spend all their time in the lagoon. By following the channel from Jökulsárlón to the ocean, you will come onto the Diamond Beach, where these icebergs wash up on the shore and glisten against the black sands.

  A final site in southeast Iceland, closer to Höfn than those previously listed, is Mount Vestrahorn. This jagged peak is ominous and dramatic, with two sharp peaks that have created the nickname ‘the Batman Mountain.’ Another favourite amongst photographers, it’s distinct silhouette and colouration make it the perfect subject regardless of the weather.

  Culture at Höfn

  Like many of Iceland’s small, coastal towns, Höfn has a surprising amount of culture. Its cuisine is particularly notable, with the celebration of it coming to a head at the annual Lobster Festival, held every July. This comes as little surprise, considering the town’s long history as an important fishing port.

  Höfn also has several art museums where visitors can admire local handicrafts, although it should be noted, in spite of conflicting evidence on the internet, that the Höfn Glacier Museum is now closed.

  霍芬镇,

  

  Jökulsárgljúfur is a canyon in Iceland that was once its own national park; now, it is part of the greater Vatnajökull National Park. This ravine is best known for holding spectacular waterfalls.

  The Waterfalls of Jökulsárgljúfur

  Jökulsárgljúfur canyon is best known for being home to the most powerful waterfall in Europe, the almighty Dettifoss. With a waterflow of 183 cubic metres (1970 cubic feet) per second, it is awe-inspiring, throwing off great plumes of mist and drenching those who get too close. Besides its strength, it is impressive in terms of its scale; the falls are about 100 metres (330 feet) wide, and 44 metres (144 feet) tall.

  The river that Dettifoss is a part of is called the Jökulsá á Fjöllum, the second longest river in Iceland. It holds two more waterfalls within Jökulsárgljúfur Canyon. Upriver from Dettifoss is Selfoss, not to be confused with the town of the same name in south Iceland. Downriver is Hafragilsfoss.

  Other Sites in Jökulsárgljúfur

  Jökulsárgljúfur has many features that draw guests besides its waterfalls. Particularly of note is the ‘Rock of Echoes’, Hjlóðaklettur, where the lava twists into beautiful shapes and carries the sound in a mystical way. Rauðhólar, or the red mountain, is also worth visiting, due to its beautiful, vivid colouration.

  Just north of Jökulsárgljúfur is Ásbyrgi. This incredible feature is a vast, horseshoe-shaped canyon, filled with verdant forest. It is so dramatic that those who believed in the Old Norse Gods thought it was created when one of the hoofs of the eight-legged horse of the god Oðin came crashing into the earth.

  Jökulsárgljúfur is best visited by those staying in east Iceland, in a settlement such as Egilsstaðir, or in north Iceland, in Akureyri, Husavík or Lake Mývatn. Those travelling the Ring Road between these two destination will pass by it, and absolutely should make the detour to see it.

  杰古沙格鲁夫尔,

  

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米(Stykkisholmur)是冰岛西部的斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)上的一座小镇，大约有1100名居民。小镇是该地区的商业与服务中心，从这里可以乘坐Baldur渡轮，前往西峡湾地区的Brjánslækur港口。

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米的历史

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米历史悠久，小镇坐拥天然良港，布雷扎峡湾(Breiðafjörður)中的鱼类资源极为丰富。

  自公元九世纪冰岛定居之始，斯蒂基斯霍尔米即有人居住。小镇也曾在《鲑鱼河谷萨迦》(Laxdæla)等伟大的冰岛中世纪文学中现身。这部萨迦是欧洲最早以女性为主角的文学作品之一，主人公Guðrún Ósvífursdóttir曾被预言将有四次婚姻，预言也果真应验。第四任丈夫死后，Guðrún成为了冰岛的第一位修女，死后被葬于斯蒂基斯霍尔米附近的Helgafell(圣山)之下。

  1550年，斯蒂基斯霍尔米因港口优良而被设立为贸易站，小镇也逐渐发展起来。1602年～18世纪末，丹麦在冰岛实行贸易专制，小镇的发展也随之更加迅速。

  几世纪来的丹麦殖民统治使许多冰岛人对丹麦怀有敌意，而斯蒂基斯霍尔米却始终与其保持着良好的关系。1994年起，每年8月的第三个周末，小镇就会举办丹麦日活动；小镇也与丹麦的科灵(Kolding)结为了姐妹城市。

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米的文化

  

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米小镇洋溢着文化气息。镇上的“挪威房屋”建于1828年，是冰岛最古老的双层建筑；镇上还坐落着火山博物馆，以及冰岛最古老的气象站，其历史可追溯至1845年。

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米是《白日梦想家》电影的主要取景地之一，电影中的格陵兰岛其实就是冰岛；在小说《红色风暴》中，小镇则是美军登陆、解救苏联控制下的冰岛的地点。

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米周边景点

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米位于斯奈山半岛北端，与教会山(Kirkjufell)、斯奈菲尔冰川国家公园(Snæfellsjökull)等明星景点相距不远。

  教会山也称草帽山，是冰岛最受摄影师欢迎的景点之一。山峰形似金字塔，紧邻海洋，不同角度的山峰会呈现出迥然不同的形状。在最经典的教会山取景位上拍摄，游客可以将山峰与教会山瀑布(Kirjufellsfoss)一同摄入相框。

  斯奈菲尔冰川国家公园是冰岛三大国家公园之一，居于中心的巨型双峰冰川下掩藏着一座火山。在法国作家儒勒·凡尔纳的科幻名作《地心历险记》与冰岛诺贝尔文学奖得主哈尔多尔·拉克斯内斯的《冰川下的基督》中，斯奈菲尔冰川都象征着神秘的力量、地心世界的入口。

  斯奈山半岛南部的主要景点则包括Lóndrangar怪物海岸、Ytri Tunga海豹沙滩、Rauðfeldsgjá峡谷等。

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米,

  

  Hellnar is an old fishing village on the westernmost part of the Snaefellsnes peninsula. It used to be one of the largest fishing stations of the peninsula, with the oldest written record of seafaring there from 1560.

  History of Hellnar

  Historically, the settlement was a hub of activity, with many trading and fishing vessels pulling in and out of the harbour daily. There were many farms around the area, and by 1703, 38 houses.

  Though by modern international standards this was nothing, it was rather significant for Iceland at the time.

  Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, however, Iceland began to develop and industrialise, and its fishing and trading industries began to move to Reyjavík, bringing with them many people.

  Hellnar, therefore, rapidly lost its population and importance, like many other places in Iceland particularly on the Snӕfellsnes Peninsula. The change in the economy hit Hellnar particularly hard, however, considering it was increasingly neglected for the neighbouring village of Arnarstapi, which was favoured by the ruling Danish.

  The settlement was abandoned but for a few farms and a few resilient locals, until tourism began to boom in Iceland. Now, it is a centre for visitors in the area, with many options for rural accommodation.

  Hellnar hosts the guesthouse for Snӕfellsnes National Park, which has a very interesting exhibition about the economy of former times, and on the geology, flora and fauna of the park.

  Sites near Hellnar

  At the shores of Hellnar are spectacular rock formations; much of the Snӕfellsnes Peninsula is incredibly dramatic along its coast, due to the previous volcanism of the area and the waves shattering the brittle lava rock that makes up the land.

  Most notable amongst these that can be reached on foot is a protruding cliff called Valasnös. It has tunnels into the cliff, and its colouration is affected by the time of the day, the movements of the sea, and the prevailing weather conditions.

  Large colonies of birds nest in the area, although it should be noted that puffins do not.

  Hellnar, located at the tip of the peninsula, is a convenient hub for those travelling in their own car, offering easy access to the incredible natural sites nearby. These include the Lóndrangar sea stacks, the mountain Kirkjufell, and the Ytri Tunga seal watching beach.

  Like many other places on Snӕfellsnes, it is easy to see the beautiful glacial capped volcano Snӕfellsjökull from the village.

  海勒那尔小镇,

  

  Reykholt is a tiny village in west Iceland, which was once home to one of the world’s greatest medieval writers. Packed with history and culture, this little settlement should not be overlooked

  Reykholt: Home of Snorri Sturluson

  Reyholt’s fame comes from the fact that it was the home of the legendary writer, historian, chieftain and lawspeaker Snorri Sturluson. Though his name is not well-known outside of the Nordic world, without him we would know much less about medieval northern European history than we do today.

  His two most famous works are Prose Edda and Heimskringla. The former is an account of the Old Norse Mythology, which was otherwise kept alive only by oral tradition.

  It tells about how the pagans thought the world was created and how it would end, and the deities that sparked fear and awe in them, most famously Odin, Thor and Loki. Considered an epic poem akin to Homer’s Odyssey to many, it has inspired the fantasy genre perhaps more than any other work in the world.

  Heimskringla is an account of Norwegian kings, told as sagas. It depicts what most historians consider to be an accurate depiction of relations across northern Europe from the 9th Century to the end of the 12th.

  It is through this work, therefore, that we can learn about how the Vikings related to the kings of places such as the not-yet United Kingdom, how the jarls and clans disputed, and how they formed governments that have lasted to this day.

  Though Snorri is best remembered for his works, his life was also a fascinating tale somewhat similar to that of a Game of Thrones character.

  Aside from being a beloved poet and writer, he was a chieftain and later lawspeaker for Icelandic parliament, as well as a spokesperson, agent and, to some, lackey of the Norwegian king.

  His influence and actions propelled Iceland’s civil war into chaos, and he met betrayal from every side, resulting in his eventual assassination. The taboo of this execution, however, meant that Snorri was remembered as a hero, rather than the divisive figure he often was.

  To add to the Game of Thrones flavour, he was also notorious for infidelity, and fathering children up and down the country.

  In honour of Snorri’s life and works, Reykholt is home to Snorrastofa, a centre on his contribution to medieval studies.

  Reykholt and Surroundings

  

  Even if you have little interest in Snorri, Reykholt is a beautiful town, well worth a visit. It has a wealth of geothermal activity, and one of the country's oldest structures, Snorralaug geothermal pool, can be found here.

  Reykholt is also the closest settlement to the popular waterfalls of Hraunfossar and Barnafoss. The former of these, the ‘Lava Falls’, are serene and unique, while the latter, the ‘Children’s Falls’, is rapid and dramatic.

  It is also close to Deildartunghver, the highest flowing hot spring in Europe.

  If you're looking to stay more than a day in Reykholt or nearby, there are several hotels in the vicinity, among them the the beautifully built boarding school that functions as an Edda-hotel in the summer. There are also a wealth of cabins and bungalows to be rented here.

   

  雷克霍特,

  Photo from Wikimedia, Creative Commons, by Chensiyuan

  Borgarnes is a town of fewer than 2000 people, located on a peninsula at the shore of Borgarfjörður. It is a historical settlement, a cultural hub and an essential commerce centre for a large part of western Iceland.

  Getting to Borgarnes

  Borgarnes is located to the north of Reykjavík, reached by travelling Route 1, otherwise known as the Ring Road which encircles the country. This journey takes you through a six-kilometre tunnel beneath the fjord of Hvalfjörður, and over the second longest bridge in Iceland.

  If you would prefer to take the scenic route instead of the tunnel, you can make a turn on Route 47 to enjoy the beautiful Hvalfjörður fjord. This route is encouraged if you plan on hiking to the second tallest waterfall in Iceland, Glymur, which is nestled in the fjord.

  Please note that taking the long route will double the time of the otherwise hour long trip.

  If driving to the Westfjords,  the Snaefellsnes Peninsula, or the north, Borgarnes serves as a great place to stop for fuel, food, drinks and a place to explore.

  History and Culture at Borgarnes

  Photo from Flickr by Funky Tee

  Borgarnes was settled in Iceland’s earliest days, over a millennium ago, and has long been occupied by fishermen; the village was not to substantially grow, however, until the 20th Century when Iceland’s infrastructure boomed, and it became an essential gateway to the country’s north and the Snaefellsnes Peninsula.

  The town is now home to two museums, the Settlement Centre and, curiously, the Centre for Puppet Arts.

  The Settlement Centre is the largest and most famous. It houses two exhibitions, one on the Settlement Era and another on the Saga of Egil.

  The former talks about how Iceland’s settlement began in the late 9th Century, as Norwegian jarls began to unite under a king, and chiefs sought a new land where they could maintain control. En route, they took slaves, mainly women from Ireland, and the Icelandic population was formed.

  They settled across the country in approximately thirty clans, before uniting in 930 to form what would later become the world’s longest running representative parliament, thus beginning the Commonwealth Era.

  The exhibition is interactive and great for children and adults alike. Icelandic history is often overlooked by visitors in lieu of Iceland's incredible nature, yet is a surprisingly well-recorded story of hardship, unity, folklore and endurance against all the odds.

  The exhibition on Egil’s Saga is fascinating even to those unfamiliar with Icelandic texts. Icelanders have always been storytellers, and their greatest heroes are often poets and writers rather than kings and warriors.

  The sagas are amongst the first records of these stories and are still read in school today, much like Shakespeare in England. Interestingly, however, Icelandic is one of the world’s oldest languages, and the texts read similarly to modern-day works of writing.

  The saga perfectly captures what life in Norway and Iceland were like from 850 to 1000 AD, over several generations, and like many Icelandic pieces of writing, shows the many contradictions of the Icelandic character, spirit and family in a way that is both stark and sympathetic.

  If travelling with children, the Bjössaróló environmental playground is a great place to spend an hour or two. It was built by Björn Hjörtur Guðmundsson who spent years developing the park using salvaged materials for all the equipment.

  Here you'll find slides built into the surrounding hillocks, many swings, a jungle gym, spinning top and several lookout points. There's also a castle, an old boat, seesaws and a climbing dome. It's renowned as the best playground in the country, and additionally provides an excellent view of the sea.

  博尔加内斯,

  

  Barnafoss is a rapid waterfall in West Iceland, just a short walk away from the serene Hraunfossar falls. It is best known for its dark history in folklore, and for how much it contrasts with its neighbour.

  Folklore of Barnafoss

  Barnafoss translates to ‘the Children’s Falls’ because of a legend long told about it. Back in Iceland’s early days, it was said that a family with two boys lived at the nearby farm of Hraunsás. The parents left home for church one morning, ordering the young ones to remain at home, but with nothing to entertain them, the children soon decided to follow.

  They knew a shortcut to the church: a stone bridge, arching over the nearby rapid waterfall, that back then would have had a different name. They started to cross it, but found the heights and surging water below dizzying. In a tragic turn of events, neither boy made it across the bridge, and both fell to their deaths.

  Though both parents were grief-stricken, the mother veered towards insanity. Some versions of the tale end with her demanding the bridge be torn down. Others say she turned to witchcraft, placing a rune on the bridge that made any who crossed it plummet to their deaths just like her beloved sons.

  If the latter version is true, her spell was broken when an earthquake shattered the passage.

  While Iceland’s tales of magic were, of course, exaggerated as they were passed down in oral tradition, it is very possible that this story is true; Barnafoss would kill whoever fell into it in all likelihood, and many Icelanders scratched runes to spread curses to their neighbours and rivals.

  It is, of course, equally possible that like many Icelandic tales, it was simply created as a way to ensure that young children respected their parents, and feared the country’s unpredictable nature.

  

  Surroundings of Barnafoss

  Barnafoss is a magical site in and of itself, twisting, turning, foaming and churning as it races down a narrow valley, from which you can view it from above. It is even more fantastical, however, due to its contrast with Hraunfossar.

  Rather than being a narrow rapids, Hraunfossar is a wide series of trickling waterfalls, flowing from a plateau of lava rock. Seeing the drama of one, followed by the peace of the other, is an excellent example of how Iceland’s scenery is ever-changing, and completely different spectacles can exist within mere metres of each other.

  Other sites of the west near Barnafoss include the highest-flowing hot spring in Europe, Deildartunguhver, which is fascinating to admire but impossible to bathe in due to its extreme heat.

  There are also the settlements of Reykholt and Borgarnes, both of which should be visited by those passionate about Icelandic history and culture. Reykholt hosts the Snorrastofa Exhibition, where you can learn about the village’s most famous resident, Snorri Sturluson. Snorri wrote many of the Icelandic texts that reveal huge amounts about Nordic kings, Norse mythology, and Icelandic folklore.

  Borgarnes, meanwhile, has the Settlement Centre, where guests can learn about the brave first arrivals to this stark new home, and one of the country’s most famous sagas, Egil’s Saga.

  儿童瀑布群,

  The mighty Langjökull, the ‘Long Glacier’, is the second-largest glacier in Iceland, at 935 square kilometres (361 square miles). For jeep and snowmobile trips, Langjökull is the most popular glacier in Iceland, and skiing and hiking here is possible as well.

  Highland tracks

  

  Langjökull is located in the Highlands, and two main highland tracks, connecting the north and the south of Iceland, lie alongside it.

  The Kaldidalur road stretches from Þingvellir National Park northwards to Húsafell. The Kjalvegur road, meanwhile lies east of Langjökull and west of Hofsjökull glacier, starting near the famous Gullfoss waterfall to the south, and passing through the beautiful Hveravellir geothermal area to the north.

  The landscape of Langjokull

  Langjökull is about 50 kilometres (31 miles) long and up to 20 kilometres (12 miles) wide, and the ice is around 580 metres (1,903 feet) deep at its thickest. The glacier reaches its highest point in its northernmost part, which is called Baldjökull, rising around 1,450 metres (4,757 feet) above sea level.

  The glacier lies over a massif of hyaloclastite mountains. The tops of these mountains can be seen in certain places on the glacier. It also conceals at least two active volcanic systems, the calderas of which are visible from the air.

  The best known of these systems fuels the geothermal area of Hveravellir, east of Baldjökull. Also in the east lies the Kjalhraun lava field, which formed about 7800 years ago.

  To the northwest of the glacier is another system that produced the vast Hallmundarhraun lava field, through which the Hvítá river runs in the direction of Gullfoss waterfall. Also in the area is Iceland‘s longest lava cave, the fascinating Surtshellir.

  Southwest of Langjökull is the Presthnúkur lava field, fissures of which creep under the ice. South of the glacier is the Lambahraun lava field and even further south lies the Skjaldbreiðarhraun lava field and the Skjaldbreiður shield volcano.

  Compared to other regions in Iceland, the area is considered relatively calm, with only 32 eruptions in the last 10,000 years.

  Into the glacier

  Near the highest peaks of Langjökull exists a man-made ice tunnel, a true spectacle for any visitor passing by the glacier. Designed and constructed by geophysicist and presidential candidate Ari Trausti Guðmundsson, the tunnel exists to allow visitors to explore the inside of a glacier without having to come to Iceland in mid-winter for a chance to see the less-than-reliable ice caves.

  Guests traverse beneath Langjökull's thick ice sheet, experiencing the vivid blue colouration within, and gaining an insight into the glacier's beauty, formation and processes. It is the only place in the world where this is possible. ‘Into the Glacier’ tours are often combined with adventure activities such as snowmobiling.

  Nearby glaciers

  The glaciers located nearest to Langjökull are Eiríksjökull, which conceals the highest mountain in west Iceland, and Þórisjökull. Hrútfellsjökull also lies on the east side of Langjökull.

  Between Þórisjökull and Geitlandsjökull is a valley called Þórisdalur. Along with stunning views, it features prominently in Icelandic folk tales; the outlaw Grettir the Strong of Grettis Saga, for example, is reported to have resided here for one winter.

  Langjokull and the Golden Circle

  

  Iceland’s most popular sightseeing route, the Golden Circle, would not be possible if not for Langjökull glacier; none of its three iconic features would exist in their current state without the melting ice.

  Gullfoss waterfall is the most obvious example of this. The river that feeds into it, the Hvítá, is a glacier river flowing straight from Langjökull; the scale of the ice cap is hinted at by the sheer volume of water that cascades here every second.

  The hot springs at Geysir, meanwhile, are supplied with water underground. Meltwater from Langjökull feeds into the surrounding lava fields, which have very porous rock, and flows in a subterranean river to the geothermal area, where it comes bursting out of the naturally forms vents.

  While Þingvellir would still have its National Park and World Heritage status without Langjökull, which it received for being the original site of what is now the longest-running representative parliament in the world, it would be notably less beautiful.

  Many springs exist throughout the park, also formed by the underground meltwater of the glacier. Due to its long filtration process, the water emerges as some of the clearest naturally occurring water in the world.

  Silfra fissure, therefore, is the best snorkelling and diving location in the country and consistently ranked as one of the top ten places for such activities in the world.

  Global warming

  Langjökull is shrinking fast and concerns have been raised about the glacier due to the effect of global warming. Some researchers fear that if climate change continues at its current rate the glacier may be gone in 150 years. Less optimistic scientists have said it could be gone in as few as 50.

  朗格冰川,

   

  Eiriksstadir are ancient ruins in Haukadalur in Dalir county in West Iceland. The sagas mention Eiriksstadir as the abode of Eric the Red and it is estimated that this is the very same place as described there.

  Eric's son Leif was brought up in Eiriksstadir. Leif landed in North America (Vinland) nearly 500 years before Columbus. Eiriksstadir also features a replica of the old farm and there you can see reconstructions of the swords, helmets and tools used by the vikings. 

  艾利克斯,

  

  阿尔纳斯塔皮(Arnarstapi)是冰岛斯奈山半岛南海岸线上的一座小渔村，是进入斯奈菲尔冰川国家公园(Snæfellsjökull)的必经之路。海滨的古老优雅房屋与沿岸的奇诡海蚀岩石是小镇的人文与自然特色。

  历史

  阿尔纳斯塔皮小镇的历史可追溯一部古老的萨迦传说：Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss；这部发生在斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)的萨迦以半人半魔的英雄为主人公，在故事结尾，他走入斯奈菲尔冰川，成为了这座半岛的守护神。

  斯奈山半岛上多天然良港，半岛海域中鱼类充足。在挪威与丹麦统治冰岛的时期，阿尔纳斯塔皮小镇一直都是重要的商贸港口。十八、十九世纪时，丹麦在小镇上建设了众多基础设施，以供丹麦统治者使用，这也是冰岛最早兴建的一批建筑；例如小镇上的丹麦官员官邸就可追溯至十八世纪七十年代。

  工业革命期间，劳动力与大机器集中于首都雷克雅未克地区，阿尔纳斯塔皮也与其他乡村渔港一样丧失了其贸易与渔业中心的地位，流失了大量人口。而1943年冰岛独立后，随着全国开始兴建基础设施，冰岛的旅游业也渐渐发展起来，阿尔纳斯塔皮小镇也再度得到了关注。

  渔业与商业一直是小镇的核心产业，而旅行服务业则是小镇经济的核心。无论是租车自驾还是跟随旅行团到访斯奈山半岛，游客都一定会在可爱祥和的阿尔纳斯塔皮歇脚漫步，小镇上还开设有餐厅咖啡厅与酒店住宿，是冰岛西部的重要旅行中转站。

  周围景点

  

  阿尔纳斯塔皮小镇的海岸风光堪称一绝，无数经过海浪侵蚀的奇石鬼斧神工，引人遐思。例如Gatklettur巨石的中空造型就颇为独特，深受摄影爱好者的喜爱，夏季时还有无数海鸟栖息其上，以北极燕鸥与海鸥为最。在阿尔纳斯塔皮沿海漫步，是在斯奈山半岛旅行的必做之事。小镇附近的Hellnahraun熔岩原则是一处徒步胜地，古时的冰岛人则常常骑马穿行这片粗犷荒芜的广袤土地。

  阿尔纳斯塔皮坐落于斯奈菲尔冰川国家公园的外缘。几个世纪以来，斯奈菲尔冰川火山的神秘之美也吸引了无数游客。斯奈菲尔冰川国家公园是冰岛的三大官方国家公园之一，集聚了Lóndrangar“怪物海岸”玄武岩柱、教会山(Kirjufell，也称草帽山)等自然壮景。

  小镇附近还有两座洞穴：瓦汀舍利尔(Vatnshellir)与“唱歌洞”(Sönghellir)。游客可以参加洞穴旅行团，进入瓦汀舍利尔探秘火山熔岩奇观。Rauðfeldsgjá峡谷也是斯奈山半岛上的明星景点之一，游客可以进入峡谷缝隙中，探寻另一番洞天。

  阿尔纳斯塔皮,

  Photo from Lofthellir Cave Excursion from Lake Myvatn

  Skútustaðagígar is the name of a row of pseudo-craters in north Iceland.

  Geology of Skútustaðagígar

  The Skútustaðagígar Craters are found in the Lake Mývatn area, which is very volcanic, being near to the Krafla volcano system. The nature of the lake itself and the volcanism of the region both led to the creation of these unusual formations.

  During an eruptions, lava ran across the area of Skútustaðagígar, which at the time was swampy wetlands. The heat caused steam eruptions, which resulted in their crater-like shape.

  As they were not the sources of lava, or volcanoes in themselves, they are not considered true craters.

  Location of Skútustaðagígar

  The Skútustaðagígar craters are surrounded by the remaining wetlands of the Lake Mývatn area. This region is a hotbed for birdwatching, with many species of duck found in the waters throughout the year.

  The Lake Mývatn area has many other attractions, such as the Dimmuborgir lava fortress, the Grjótagjá hot spring cave, and the luxurious Mývatn Nature Baths.

  Skútustaðagígar伪火山口,

  图片来自Andrés Nieto Porras

  Grjótagjá地洞温泉坐落于冰岛北部的米湖(Mývatn)附近，幽深的火山熔岩洞穴中隐藏着一座美丽的地热温泉。

  历史

  Grjótagjá地洞温泉的发现历史可以追溯至18世纪早期，因犯罪而被法律驱逐的Jón Markússon就隐居在洞穴中。冰岛历史与民间传说记载了许多“逐客”的神秘事迹；他们被议会驱逐出人类社会，而幽暗可怖的熔岩洞穴就成为了他们的最佳栖居地。

  Jón Markússon的事迹鲜有流传，这座洞穴在他去世后却成了当地人泡温泉的完美场所。进入二十世纪七十年代，冰岛的剧烈火山地热活动对洞穴地质产生了巨大影响，Grjótagjá洞穴从此不再适合进入。

  1975～1984年期间，克拉法拉火山(Krafla)喷发了九次，与火山系统相连的Grjótagjá温泉也随之沸腾。1984年后，温泉的温度渐渐下降，但也会陡然升高；周边区域的地表浅层还隐藏着液态岩，其地表也极不稳定。因此，慕名而来游览温泉的游客最好不要贸然踏入温泉，以免被灼伤。

  洞内别有一番天地，即便不体验的温泉，也能直观感受到冰岛地质之美。Grjótagjá地洞温泉还曾吸引大热美剧《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》来此取景。第三季第四集，雪诺与耶哥蕊特的定情场景正是在这座温泉洞内拍摄的。剧组利用特效增加了一处瀑布，但洞穴的全貌也被完整呈现出来。剧组还将洞穴用作了维斯特洛大陆的特效制作。

  温泉洞附近，同样位于米湖景区的黑暗城堡(Dimmuborgir)也是《权力的游戏》的取景地之一，第二季、第三季中，曼斯·雷德的野人营地就取景于该地。

  图片来自Wikimedia, Creative Commons, 摄影师Petr Brož

  斯奈山半岛的教会山(Kirkjufell，也称“草帽山”)与冰岛南岸的雷尼斯岩柱(Reynisdrangar)也出现在了第七季中；瓦特纳冰川(Vatnajökull)、辛格维利尔国家公园(Þingvellir)也都是重要的取景地。剧组还经常使用特效技术，将冰岛的山峰与瀑布与其他国家的自然景观拼合成独一无二的场景。

  如何前往Grjótagjá地洞温泉        

  Grjótagjá洞穴位于米湖地区，是冰岛北部钻石圈景区的一个景点，距离一号环岛公路沿线附近。如果从黑暗城堡前往洞穴，需要经过一条崎岖的岩石小径，需要一定体力才能徒步前往。如果不想徒步，可以直接开车到洞穴旁的停车场。

  Grjótagjá地洞温泉,

  

  维克镇(Vík)，全名为Vík í Mýdral，是冰岛主岛上最南端的小镇，距离首都雷克雅未克约186公里。

  维克镇是冰岛一号环岛公路南岸沿线的著名旅游景点，无论是租车自驾还是参加冰岛本地旅行团。虽然小镇人口仅为300余人，维克镇的基础设施却十分完备，因此也是冰岛旅行中的重要旅途中转站，是休息、用餐或者住宿的绝佳去处。

  维克镇附近特色

  从首都雷克雅未克抵达维克镇大约需要两个半小时，沿途您将经过不少冰岛南岸的知名景点，其中包括斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)和塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)两大经典瀑布。

  天气晴朗的时候，附近的埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)以及米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)也清晰可见。两座冰川下都掩藏了活跃的火山，埃亚菲亚德拉火山就曾在2010年大爆发，导致了欧洲航空交通大瘫痪。天气条件极好时，游客还有机会远眺到西人岛(Vestmannaeyjar)。

  在抵达维克镇之前，您会首先抵达冰岛著名的观鸟海崖迪霍拉里(Dyrhólaey)。每年夏季5至8月的筑巢季节，海鹦就会来此筑巢栖居，迪霍拉里也将成为冰岛夏季观海鹦的最佳地点之一。

  冰岛最著名旅游景点之一雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)就位于维克镇旁。雷尼斯黑沙滩被誉为全世界最美的非热带沙滩之一，以黝黑神秘的火山沙砾和熔岩地貌而闻名。

  

  在雷尼斯沙滩，您可以找到独具冰岛特色的六棱玄武岩柱群与岩洞，大西洋中则矗立着壮丽的雷尼斯岩柱(Reynisdrangar)。有关雷尼斯岩柱的由来有许多个版本的传说，相传几只想把渔船拖上岸的巨魔因躲避不及阳光而石化，成为了如今的雷尼斯岩柱。

  雷尼斯沙滩是夏天观午夜阳光、冬天观北极光的绝佳地点，但在游览沙滩时一定要注意个人安全，远离大西洋的巨浪，以防危险发生。

  沿着一号公路继续东行，经过Skeiðarásandur黑沙滩，您将进入冰岛最大的国家公园——瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)。大名鼎鼎的斯卡夫塔山自然保护区(Skaftafell)以及杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)都位于国家公园内。冬季时，许多自驾游客会在游览完冰河湖后返回雷克雅未克；夏季时则有很多人选择继续向北进发，完成冰岛环岛之旅。

  维克镇附近的野生生态

  维克镇依傍着Reynisfjall山，与迪霍拉里海岬也很近。这一区域生活着丰富的鸟类。在小镇徒步，可以看到海鸥、暴雪鹱、海雀等鸟类，夏天更可以找到海鹦。

  维克镇沿海而建，游人也有机会看到海滩上慵懒的野生海豹，甚至还有几率远看到海中的鲸鱼或者海豚。

  维克镇的基础设施

  维克镇是冰岛南部的主要城镇之一，基础设施完备，加油站、商店、咖啡店、超级市场、温泉泳池、不同级别的住宿选择应有尽有，镇上甚至还有羊毛工厂供游人参观。

  维克镇人口很少，如果您对于食物有特别的要求、需要寻找特别的食材，维克镇的超市未必可以完全满足您的需求，最好的方法是从雷克雅未克买好所需的特别食材，带去维克镇食用。

  维克镇,

  

  Svartifoss, in spite of being just 20 metres (66 feet) tall, and not particularly powerful, is one of Iceland’s most popular waterfalls. The beauty of its formation and surroundings draw thousands of guest a year, and have inspired artists for centuries.

  Columns of Svartifoss

  Svartifoss is best renowned for the hexagonal basalt columns that surround it and lay shattered at its base. These columns, which are very dark, lend the feature its name; Svartifoss means ‘Black Falls’.

  These columns are found in other places in Iceland, such as the Gerðuberg cliffs on the Snæfellsnes Peninsula, and on Reynisfjara beach on the South Coast. At none of these locations, however, is there a cascade of foaming white water to add to the beauty and fantasy of the site.

  The geology surrounding Svartifoss has inspired many artists and architects, spanning generations. To list them all would be impossible, but perhaps the most notable is Hallgrímskirkja, the largest church in Reykjavík, which took elements of Svartifoss’s columns and Thor’s hammer in its design.

  The capital’s National Theatre also drew inspiration from Svartifoss, as did the artwork ‘Milestones’ on Viðey Island, by Richard Sierra.

  Location of Svartifoss

  

  Svartifoss is located in the Skaftafell Nature Reserve, a place once so beautiful it was once its own national park; since, it has become enveloped into the greater Vatnajökull National Park.

  This reserve is renowned for it diverse and spectacular sceneries. It is partly forested in birch, partly covered in lava, divided by rivers and streams, and has many glacier tongues and lagoons within its boundaries.

  Avid hikers, photographers and nature lovers, therefore, find Skaftafell to be an oasis of beauty.

  To many, Svartifoss is its highlight. The hike from the Skaftafell Visitors’ Centre to the waterfall is just over thirty minutes, and though relatively easy, requires a reasonable level of fitness and decent hiking boots.

  Sites Surrounding Svartifoss

  Svartifoss, within Skaftafell, has a host of sites that compete for attention from visitors. Perhaps most notable of these is Svínafellsjökull, one of the country’s most popular ice caps for glacier hiking.

  Visitors are encouraged to spend several hours following different treks in the path, to discover a whole host of unspoiled spots of incredible natural beauty.

  If travelling to Skaftafell from Reykjavík, the journey is direct, going east along Route 1. The four hours it should take you is likely to extend much longer, however, as you stop off at the many sites en route. These include the marvellous waterfalls of Seljalandsfoss and Skógafoss, the glaciers Mýrdalsjökull and Eyjafjallajökull, and the cliffs of Dyrhólaey and Reynisdrangar.

  Unfortunately, Svartifoss and Skaftafell are often both overlooked by travellers racing their way to the  Jökulsárlón glacier lagoon and Diamond Beach, which are half an hour further along Route 1.

  While these sites are majestic places, where you can see enormous icebergs cruise from a vast lake to the ocean, amongst dozens of playing seals, Svartifoss still stands up as a natural highlight next to them, and visitors should still attempt to see it.

   

  斯瓦蒂瀑布,

  

  埃伊尔斯塔济(Egilsstaðir)是冰岛东部地区的最大城镇，截至2018年的统计，当地人口为2464。埃伊尔斯塔济位于拉加尔湖(Lagarfljót)边，属Fljótsdalshérað大区。

  埃伊尔斯塔济是冰岛东部交通、行政及服务的重要枢纽，沿一号环岛公路顺时针或者逆时针环岛的自驾游客，常常选择在埃伊尔斯塔济住宿中转。从城镇出发，还可以前往遥远而神秘的东部峡湾地区，以及冰岛东南部的瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)。

  埃伊尔斯塔济机场及旅游信息

  埃伊尔斯塔济为旅行者提供多样化的服务和设施：超市、纪念品商店、酒店、游客信息中心、餐厅、旅行团营运商，都可以在城市内找到。 此外镇上还有值得一游的历史博物馆，游客可以参观冰岛人过去居住的古老草顶房。

  埃伊尔斯塔济还设有机场，游客可以乘坐冰岛国内航班，从不同的城市飞抵东部游览观光。城市也设有医疗诊所，为冰岛东部居民提供医疗服务。

  埃伊尔斯塔济每年还会举办Hringrás电子音乐节、Ormsteiti小镇节以及爵士音乐节等。

  埃伊尔斯塔济周边自然景点

  

  距离埃伊尔斯塔济不远处有两个小众自然景点：Hallormsstaðaskógur森林和拉加尔湖。

  Hallormsstaðaskógur森林面积约740公顷，集中了世界各地的80种余种树木。1910年时，这里只是一个面积很小的自然保护区，却以惊人的速度发展成了如今的规模。森林颇受徒步和自行车旅行者的欢迎，长达40公里的林中小径可供游人自由漫步。森林中也聚集了许多鸟类，十分适合观鸟。

  拉加尔湖则流传着奇幻的传说。自14世纪以来，就屡屡游人号称曾在湖中看到过水怪的踪影。

  东部峡湾地区和西峡湾一样，是冰岛最原始、最僻静的地区之一，延绵的山脉、幽深的峡湾、淳朴的渔村小镇，都将带给您独一无二的旅行体验，让您感受世界尽头的别样避世生活。东部峡湾还以海鸟、海豹、野生驯鹿、鲸鱼、海豚等活跃的野生生态而闻名。

  穿过埃伊尔斯塔济后继续北行，您将抵达瓦特纳国家公园北部。杰古沙格鲁夫尔峡谷(Jökulsárgljúfur)、欧洲最汹涌的黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)等野性十足的磅礴景点都位于这一地区。

  如果顺时针环岛，进入埃伊尔斯塔济前的最佳住宿地点莫过于冰岛北部的阿克雷里(Akureyri)、胡萨维克(Húsavík)以及米湖地区(Mývatn)。

  如果逆时针环岛，在前往埃伊尔斯塔济前，您可以选择杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)或者斯卡夫塔山自然保护区(Skaftafell)作为住宿地点。

  埃伊尔斯塔济,

  

  Hvolsvöllur is a small town of 950 people in south Iceland, conveniently located by the Ring Road. It is often travelled through or stopped off in by those exploring the South Coast or encircling the country.

  It is very popular as a place to stay in a cabin or bungalow for those who want to be close to the sites of the west and south, such as the Golden Circle, but away from the hustle and bustle of Reykjavík.

  Economy and transport

  Hvolsvöllur’s main economy is services to the surrounding agricultural area, which has an additional 600 people. It is also a growing place tourism, considering its easy accessibility to Iceland’s capital and some of its major natural sites.

  Sitting on the Ring Road means a constant flow of travellers use Hvolsvöllur’s services. It also has a tiny local airport, with flights to the Westman Islands.

  Museum

  The area around Hvolsvöllur features prominently in one of the most famous Icelandic sagas, Njál’s saga. These sagas were epic works of fiction, which encapsulated much of the history (and folklore) of Iceland in its early era.

  Njál’s saga is often thought of as one of the best, as many believe it to have been written by legendary historian and poet, Snorri Sturluson.

  There is an excellent Icelandic Saga Centre in the town that those who love literature and history should not miss checking out.

  ‘The Exhibition of Njál’ is the first of its two exhibitions, introducing guests to the characters of the sagas, along with the Viking cosmology and the literary arts that have existed in Iceland for centuries.

  The other is on the history of trade, commerce and the cooperative movement in the 20th century. While this may not seem fascinating, Iceland’s journey through this time is actually quite a riveting story.

  In the early 1900s, the country had little changed since the medieval era. People still scraped a living off fishing and farming, lived in turf houses or, if they were extremely poor, caves, and had very little industry or infrastructure. The nation was still under the Danish Crown, with little to no contact with the outside world.

  Fast-forward to 1999, and Iceland was already the developed country it is today, leading the world on issues such as gender equality, technological prowess, social fairness and civil rights.

  You can also view a model of Alþingi, Iceland’s parliament, founded at Þingvellir in 930 AD here.

  Hvolsvöllur also has homed the Lava Centre since 2017, an interactive museum where visitors can learn about the earthquakes and volcanoes that shape this country.

  There is also a nice gallery in town, and a good restaurant in the Saga Hall, a replica of a medieval longhouse.

  Nearby attractions

  Hvolsvöllur has a number of interesting hiking routes in its vicinity. Among interesting sights is the large and peculiar rock Drangurinn by the farm Drangshlíð, under the Eyjafjöll mountains.

  Hvolsvöllur is also a short drive from many other interesting attractions, among them some of Iceland’s most famous. One of Iceland’s oldest swimming pools, Seljavallalaug, is about 44 kilometres (27 miles) from the town. At a 14 kilometre (nine mile) distance is the rural area of Fljótshlíð and the farm Hlíðarendi. According to Njal's Saga, its hero, Gunnar, lived there.

  There is good trout and salmon fishing in the nearby rivers. Several interesting caves, both natural and man-made are in driving distance from Hvolsvöllur.

  There is also a number of beautiful waterfalls not far off, the most well known being Seljalandsfoss, which you can walk behind, and Skógafoss, one of Iceland’s highest and most beautiful falls.

  Of course, as mentioned, the town is also a perfect launching point from which to explore the Golden Circle, which consists of the Geysir Geothermal Area, Gullfoss Waterfall, and Þingvellir National Park.

   
  科沃尔斯瓦特鲁,

  

  Siglufjörður is a town of about 1,300 people, located in North Iceland. It is the northernmost town of the mainland.

  Along with its natural beauty, it is a cultural hub, with an award-winning Herring Era Museum, Folk Music Museum and the Folk Music Festival that attracts ever more travellers every year.

  Economy

  Siglufjörður has one of Iceland's best harbours and the fishing industry has been the mainstay of the economy for a long time. Like with the rest of Iceland, in recent years services and tourism have become increasingly essential parts of the economy.

  Since the tunnels through the fjord Hedinsfjörður opened in 2010, the town has become much more easily accessible to those travelling the Ring Road of Iceland or staying in the northern town of Akureyri. Thus, there has been a large increase in visitors over the past decade.

  History & Culture

  

  Siglufjörður has an eventful history in its more recent years, seeing a quick rise in the early 20th Century from being a tiny village to becoming an established town by 1918. By the middle of the 20th century it was one of the largest settlements in Iceland.

  From this period, it was the capital of herring fishing in the North Atlantic, and the town's fishing museum bears proud witness to this history. Here, you can learn all about how important the seas were to the survival of all Icelanders from settlement to modernisation.

  Called the Herring Era Museum, it is one of Iceland's largest seafaring and industry museums in the country. It is split into three houses; in one, you can learn about the fishing itself and the national processing processes. In another, you can see many ships and boats from the 1950s. The salting station retains the old look of the place and on good summer days travelers may observe the salting process in action.

  Finally, the old Grana factory shows how herring was transformed into meals and oil.

  The Folk Music Center is another cultural centre, located where the reverend Bjarni Þorsteinsson, 'The Father of Siglufjörður', lived. Here, the the old folk songs are brought to life, and you can hear recordings of people singing quint songs, called tvisongur; chanting the epic rhymes, or rimur; playing the langspil; and singing the old Icelandic nursery rhymes.

  The centre also depicts the life of reverend Bjarni.

  The Folk Festival

  In early July, Siglufjörður hosts it annual Folk Music Festival, including the folk music of various nations, but with a special focus on Icelandic folk music. Various events take place, including lectures and courses on music and handicraft, along with dances, concerts and parties.

  Nature

  Siglufjörður is located in a particularly beautiful fjord of the same name, and high and dramatic mountains tower over the town. The birdlife is varied, with some 2,000 birds of 16 to18 species usually be found in the fjord, particularly in summer.

  Popular hiking trails include the passes Hólsskarð and Hestskarð, which lead to the beautiful fjord Hedinsfjörður, which may also be accessed by boat or car.

  The deserted Hedinsfjörður is surrounded by steep and impressive mountains and has a beautiful valley with good trout fishing in the Héðinsfjarðarvatn lake.

  The last farm here, of Hedinsfjörður, was abandoned in 1951. In the 20th Century, there were usually five inhabited farms in the fjord, as the vegetation in the region is rich and food could be obtained from land and sea. The winters were hard, however, the area saw many avalanches, and the fjord was also hard to reach, so none remain.

  Northeast of Hedinsfjörður you'll find the remnants of one of the remote farms in Iceland, Hvanndalir. Hvanndalir can be reached from Hedinsfjörður, though we would only suggest this route to seasoned hikers, accompanied by professional guides, as it goes over a collapsed mountainside.

  锡格吕菲厄泽,

  Wikimedia, Creative Commons, Photo by Debivort

  Blönduós is the largest urban area of Húnaflói bay in northwest Iceland.

  It has a population of around 880 people. It is a service centre for the local area and a common stop for travellers of the Ring Road.

  Economy, accommodation and services

  Blönduós’s main economy is acting as a serving centre, particularly for dairy products, as well as fishing, light industry and tourism. A creamery and a butchery are both operated at Blönduós, as well as a hospital and a health service.

  The town has a hotel and a guesthouse, as well as summerhouses and a camping area and offers general commerce and services.

  Attractions and activities

  Wikimedia, Creative Commons, Photo by Emstrur

  Birdwatching is popular in the area, as well as horse riding tours. The nearby lakes and rivers are some of the best in the country for fishing trout and salmon.

  Among these is the river Blandá, one of Iceland's longest rivers. In it is the beautiful island Hrútey, rich with vegetation and is a habitat for many bird species, such as geese.

  The Yndisgarður is a nice park with a variety of beautiful plants. A small golf course is also located in the town. The town is further a good set off point when travelling in Húnaflói bay.

  You might also want to check out the handicraft museum, the Sea Ice Exhibition Centre and the textile museum, the only one of its kind in Iceland. The local church, also called 'the new church', has interesting architecture, inspired by nature and made to resemble a volcanic crater.

  The older church, built in 1894 is particularly notable for its beauty, built in Romanesque style from metre thick granite blocks. The ceiling is painted with a thousand stars and the church has a thousand small window panes. The altarpiece was made by Jóhannes S. Kjarval, one of Iceland's foremost painters.

  布伦迪欧斯小镇,

  

  Kerið is a volcanic crater lake in the Grímsnes area of South Iceland. It is close to the three major sites that comprise Iceland’s world-famous Golden Circle sightseeing route and thus makes for the perfect detour for those on visiting these landmarks.

  Kerid and the Golden Circle

  The Golden Circle is Iceland’s most popular tourist route. Its three main highlights are Gullfoss, or the ‘Golden Waterfall’; the Haukadalur Geothermal Valley, with its many springs and geysers; and Þingvellir National Park, the only UNESCO World Heritage Site on Iceland’s mainland and the birthplace of the country’s parliament.

  

  There are several tour operators who offer trips to the Golden Circle. Many of those define their tours from others with extra stops, and Kerið crater is the most popular of these. It is approximately 40 minutes drive from Þingvellir and Haukadalur in different directions, providing visitors with two routes by which they can return to Reykjavík.

  If travelling to Kerið crater alone, please be aware that there is a small entrance fee, of 400 ISK (about two Euros, or three US dollars). This is only to help the landowners preserve and protect the crater; after all, it is on privately owned land.

  Other sites you may want to detour on when travelling the Golden Circle are the Sólheimar ecovillage, the Fontana Spa in Laugarvatn, the Secret Lagoon in Flúðir, and the Friðheimar tomato and horse farm.

  Geology of Kerid

  Kerið is approximately three thousand years old, making it roughly half the age of most volcanic calderas found in Iceland. This is the major reason as to why Kerið’s slopes are red in colour, rather than a volcanic black; the iron deposits are, geologically speaking, fresh.

  This vivid redness is part of the appeal of visiting this crater. The crimson rocks contrast dramatically with their surroundings, particularly the intense azure colour of the waters within the crater lake, and the verdant bursts of vegetation.

  Kerið is approximately 55 metres (180 feet) deep, 170 metres (558 feet) wide and 270 meters (886 feet) in circumference. It is possible to take a path right to the crater’s edge, to fully encircle it, and to descend down to the pristine waters of the crater lake.

  Many crater lakes can be found in nearby, a region known as Iceland's Western Volcanic Zone. The area surrounding it is of barren, stark lava fields, further illustrating the volcanism of the region.

  Scientists believe that Kerið was once a cone-shaped volcano. Upon eruption, it is widely believed that the volcano depleted its magma reserve, causing the foundation to fall in upon itself and result in the formation it has today. Of course, this was two thousand years before settlement, so no one is quite certain.

  At some point in the centuries following the collapse, Kerið crater filled with water. The resulting lake is between seven and fourteen metres deep, depending on the time of year and the amount of rainfall.

  The reason why the lake is so vividly coloured is that of the minerals from the rocks, seeping into and dyeing the water the aquamarine colour for which it is renowned.

  凯瑞斯火山口,

  

  Fjaðrárgljúfur is a beautiful, dramatic canyon in South Iceland, close to the historic town of Kirkjubæjarklaustur.

  Fjaðrárgljúfur is little known and is thus far less crowded than other sites in the area, such as Skaftafell nature reserve, and Jökulsárlón glacier lagoon. Its beauty and isolation make it a dream location for photographers and hikers alike.

  Though the valley was only formed at the end of the last ice age approximately 10,000 years ago, the bedrock here is much older, dating back two million years. The ravine was created by the runoff from a glacial lake, which wore away the soft stone and left only the more resistant rocks behind.

  Geography of Fjaðrárglúgur

  

  Fjaðrárglúgur is about 100 metres (328 feet) deep and 2 km (1.25 mi) long, with sheer walls dotted with many waterfalls.

  It is possible to walk along the ridges above, or in the valley itself. The site is popular amongst photographers for the contrasts between the dark rocks, foaming waters and verdant moss. Of course, if the midnight sun or northern lights are out, it is a shutterbug’s paradise.

  If taking the route along ridges of the valley, look up as well as down, as, in clear weather, you will attain great views of the South Coast, Highlands, and surrounding glaciers.

  If taking the latter route, know that the river Fjaðrá runs through the canyon, and though its waters are often shallow, those exploring may have to wade through it. While this is safe, you will want either waterproof, sturdy boots, or sandals with a strap on the back that you can easily change in and out of.

  This tributary runs into the greater Skaftá river.

  Fjaðrárglúgur’s Surroundings

  The closest settlement to Fjaðrárglúgur is Kirkjubæjarklaustur, often nicknamed Klaustur by locals. This is a place with a long religious history; it was home to the country’s first convent, and is said to be the only place in the country that the Old Norse faith was never practiced.

  Many local sites are named after the nuns who once lived in the area, such as Systrastapi (Sister’s Rock) and Systrafoss (Sister’s Falls).

  Fjaðrárglúgur is a great place to stop for those travelling the South Coast as they make their way from Reykjavík or Vík towards Skaftafell and the Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon.

  The South Coast itself is lined with other features to visit during your travel. These include the dramatic waterfalls Skógafoss and Seljalandsfoss; the former is famed for its scale, and the latter for the fact that you can walk all around it.

  You will also see sites such the beach Reynisfjara, with its great sea-stacks, Reynisdrangar, said to be trolls frozen in the light of the morning sun. Other coastal features include the Dyrhólaey cliffs and arch, which is a paradise for birdwatchers in summer, due to the fact that it is home to thousands of nesting puffins.

  The South Coast can be explored in a day, but to get to all the sites and enjoy them properly, visitors are encouraged to spend two or three days in the region.

  羽毛峡谷,

  

  布迪尔村(Búðir)坐落于冰岛西部的斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)，属Snæfellsbær区辖下。

  村庄位于冰岛西部Staðarsveit地区的Búðahraun熔岩原上；虽然名为村庄，该地却仅有布迪尔黑教堂与布迪尔酒店两座建筑，并无人口定居。

  历史

  布迪尔曾经是一座繁荣的渔村，也是斯奈山半岛上最活跃的贸易站之一。根据中世纪的资料记载，布迪尔是冰岛彼时最主要的港口之一；考古发现也表明，该地的港口活动可追溯至久远的冰岛移民定居时代。

  19世纪时，布迪尔港口渐被弃用，而如今随着冰岛旅游业的繁荣发展，布迪尔又迎来了新的气象。

  周边景点

  布迪尔坐落于Búðahraun熔岩原上，这片广袤的火山熔岩原一直向东延伸至法赫萨湾(Faxaflói)，向西则止于Hraunlandarif滩。高达88米的Búðaklettur火山位于熔岩原中央，岩浆即来自这座火山。熔岩原西南部有一入口，长达382米的Búðahellir岩洞即位于该处。

  除了火山地貌，Búðahraun熔岩原也以丰富的植被而闻名，约有130种植物生长于此，其中也包括许多稀有、受保护的品种。自1977年起，熔岩原东部更正式被列为自然保护区。

  布迪尔旁还有一大片高草，以及一座点缀着黝黑火山岩石的白沙沙滩。布迪尔酒店(Hótel Búðir)是斯奈山半岛的热门住宿选择，装修设施完善，酒店氛围浪漫，颇受游客的喜爱。

  布迪尔黑教堂

  布迪尔黑教堂(Búðakirkja)见证了这座村庄曾经的历史。1701年，Bent Lauridtsend在获得主教许可后，预备在布迪尔建造教堂。 有关教堂的选址，相传有一老妇提议，选一男人原地转圈直至晕眩，然后向天空发射三支箭，第三支箭的落点就是建教堂的地点。

  两年后，一座草顶教堂建成了。而1816年，丹麦国王克里斯蒂安八世下令拆除该教堂，此后布迪尔的居民一直争取重建教堂。直到1849年，牧师委员会才正式批准他们的申请，前提是建造的费用及教堂的维护需要当地居民全额负责。

  一位名为斯泰诺恩(Steinunn)的女人为教堂的重建付出了许多努力，她还一直悉心保管着布迪尔教堂曾经的物品，其中就包括Bent Lauridtsend于1703年制作的门闩。今日的黑教堂是很受欢迎的冰岛求婚地点，以及观赏午夜阳光及北极光的热门地点；教堂在上世纪五十及八十年代经过两次修缮，但保持了其原始的丹麦设计风格。

  布迪尔,

  

  Öxarárfoss is a waterfall situated within Þingvellir National Park in southwest Iceland. 

  The waterfall flows out the river Öxará, cascading in two drops over the cliffs of Almannagjá gorge, which marks the eastern boundary of the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates. 

  Description

  The waterfall has a height of 13 metres (44 feet) and an average width of six metres (20 feet). The pool of water at the waterfall’s base is dotted with large, smooth rocks, which get especially icy in winter. The waterfall can be visited year round, but expect large crowds during the peak season of the summer. 

  During the depths of winter, the waterfall is entirely frozen over. Ice climbers have been known to scale it, but this should only be done with and by experts.

  Surroundings and History

  Öxarárfoss is one of the most popular attractions of Þingvellir Natural Park, which in turn, is one of the most popular attractions of Iceland. The National Park is one of the three famous sites of the Golden Circle along with Gullfoss waterfall and the Geyser Geothermal Area, for both geological and historical regions

  The geological reason is that, as mentioned, Þingvellir lies between the tectonic plates. As they pull apart, the land is torn, and thus there are many beautiful ravines and lava fields to be found.

  The most famous of these ravines is Silfra. Like the others, it is filled with crystal clear glacial water, which emerges from a spring, but unlike the others, it is possible to take snorkelling and diving tours here.

  The water from the crevasses such as Silfra feed into the lake Þingvellavatn; in fact, the river Öxará, which feeds Öxarárfoss, is the only source of the lake that does not come from a spring.

  The historical reason that makes Þingvellir so famous is that it was the original site of the Alþing, the Icelandic parliament founded in 930 AD. This parliament continues to exist in Reykjavík but for nine centuries flourished here.

  Icelanders would meet annually to pass laws, settle disputes, and share news. It was both incredibly progressive, giving a voice to all people and granting women divorces long before many other nations were considering it, and barbaric, hosting many battles and the prosecution of dozens of witches.

  It is thus featured in many sagas, and though not always mentioned in them, Öxarárfoss was a witness to this long history.

  One notable piece of folklore about the waterfall was that it was said to have prophetic powers for the year ahead. At midnight on New Years Eve, it would run red with either wine or blood, with the former promising prosperity ahead, and the latter warning of war.

   

  Öxarárfoss瀑布,

  

  Haukadalur is a geothermal valley in South Iceland on the popular Golden Circle route. 

  Lying to the north of Lake Laugarvatn, it is home to hot springs, fumaroles, mud pots and geysers, including the famous Great Geysir and the active Strokkur. The area is noted for the vivid colouration of its surrounding hills, caused by elements deep in the earth being brought to the surface by the geothermal activity.

  History of Haukadalur

  Haukadalur has been mentioned in historic writings as far back as 1294, in which its geysers were described following an earthquake that activated them. Since the 18th Century, it has been drawing visitors to the island including two different Kings of Denmark in 1907 and 1922.

  Throughout the 20th Century, images of the Great Geysir erupting at Haukadular began to symbolise Iceland. It’s activity, however, was unreliable, so unnatural efforts were made to stimulate it more regularly, such as lowering the water table in 1935 and pumping soap into it 1981. 

  These, however, limited the geyser’s long-term activity, so that it rarely goes off today, although, in the early 2000s, it did have a period where it was spouting water over 140 metres (459 ft) high. Even so, the geyser Strokkur is still very active, erupting to heights of 30 metres (98 ft) every five to ten minutes.

  Today, most of the near-two million visitors to Iceland will see Haukadalur Valley on their travels.

  Surroundings of Haukadalur

  Haukadalur Valley is located about an hour and a half’s drive inland from Reykjavík, thus making many sites of the South and West easily accessible. The most notable of these are the other points on the Golden Circle: Gullfoss Waterfall (about five minutes away) and Þingvellir National Park (about forty minutes away).

  It is also, however, within an easy driving distance of Flúðir, home of the Secret Lagoon, the Kjölur Highland Road, which leads into Iceland’s interior, Sólheimar eco-village, and Faxi Waterfall.

   

  Haukadalur地热山谷,

  Credit: Wikimedia, Creative Commons. Photo by Kkaefer.

  Faxi is a wide, serene waterfall in South Iceland. It can be found in the Tungufljót River.

  Faxi and the Golden Circle

  Faxi falls is approximately twelve kilometres (seven miles) away from Gullfoss and Geysir, two incredibly popular attractions on the Golden Circle. It is thus easy to detour from these for one extra attraction, and extend a day out.

  Some guided Golden Circle tours also promise an extra stop here.

  Gullfoss, otherwise known as the Golden Waterfall, is 32 metres (105 feet) tall, falling in two tiers into a beautiful canyon. It is fed by the Hvíta River, which is one of the most popular rivers for rafting in the country, accessible for novices.

  Though more powerful and dramatic than Faxi, it has less of its serenity, and there are usually much bigger crowds at Gullfoss.

  Geysir, meanwhile, is a geothermal area that, as its name suggests, is home to geysers. The most active of these, Strokkur, erupts to heights of up to forty metres (131 feet) every ten minutes or so.

  Geysir itself has been inactive for the past few years, only going off sporadically. The area is also home to many fumaroles, hot-springs and mud-pits.

  The final site of the Golden Circle, Þingvellir National Park, is a little further away, but still well worth the visit. This location sits directly between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, in the Mid-Atlantic Rift, and is an oasis of beautiful lava landscapes, forest and crystal clear streams.

  This location is also a historical centre, being home to the original site of the world’s longest-running parliament. Icelanders formed it here in 930 AD, before much of the rest of Europe had even starting thinking about representative democracies.

  The Golden Circle is as close to an essential-Icelandic experience there is, and Faxi is a perfect addition to extend the day.

  Activities at Faxi

  Photo Credit: Callie Reed

  Hiking through the countryside around Faxi waterfall is a pleasure. Many Icelandic horses and a wealth of birdlife can be expected in summer. The area also draws those who enjoy salmon fishing, and the falls is pregnant with them.

  Although it is not particularly rapid, kayaking and rafting are banned here. As mentioned, Hvíta is the rafting river of the area.

  A restaurant stands on site, where guests can enjoy lunch with a beautiful view.

  Other detours from the Golden Circle

  The Golden Circle only takes approximately half a day to traverse if travelling from Reykjavík. There are thus many sites, alongside Faxi, that visitors could add to their sightseeing journey if travelling alone.

  Those seeking relaxation and rejuvenation could enjoy the Fontana Spa at Laugarvatn, or else the secret lagoon at  Flúðir. Those interest in culture could see the eco village Sólheimar, the historical settlement of Skálholt or else the greenhouses and horses at Friðheimar.

  There are also many activities to be had in the area, such as snorkelling in Silfra, snowmobiling on Langjökull, or river-rafting (in summer).

  A comprehensive list of detours can be found on this site.

   

  马鬃瀑布,

  
  图片来自 众神瀑布+米湖温泉组合旅行团|阿克雷里出发，奢享温泉体验

  米湖温泉(Mývatn Nature Baths)位于冰岛北部的米湖景区，距离雷恰利兹小镇(Reykjahlíð)两公里左右，是冰岛最热门的地热温泉体验地之一。

  米湖温泉于2004年正式营业，有冰岛北部的“蓝湖温泉”之称。米湖温泉是该地区内最大的天然地热温泉，也日渐受到游客们的欢迎；尤其是如果准备夏季造访，最好提早预定门票。

  米湖温泉设施及门票价格

  米湖温泉围绕一座大型潟湖而建，温泉水温常年维持在36～40摄氏度。温泉富含硫等矿物质，对改善呼吸道及皮肤问题有显著效果。

  米湖温泉设有两个直接坐落于地热温泉上方的桑拿蒸汽房。蒸汽房内温度接近50摄氏度，湿度接近100％，在进入蒸汽房之前要补充充足的水分。温泉内还设有温泉池、独立的儿童戏水池及餐厅。

  米湖温泉成人门票冬季期间(10月～4月)为4500冰岛克朗；夏季期间(5月～9月)5000冰岛克朗；13至15岁青年门票冬季期间(10月～4月)1800冰岛克朗；夏季期间(5月～9月)2200冰岛克朗；12岁或以下小童在有家长陪同下免费。老人、学生和伤残人士门票冬季期间(10月～4月)3000冰岛克朗；夏季期间(5月～9月)3300冰岛克朗。
  *价格更新至2019年3月，一切价格以米湖官网为准

  米湖温泉周边旅游景点

  

  除了米湖天然温泉之外，冰岛北部的米湖景区(Mývatn)还集聚了众多奇诡的自然风光与地质地貌。Námaskarð地热区距离温泉不远，蒸汽孔、沸泥潭等地热奇观一展冰岛北部的外星球氛围，被矿物质染得斑斓的土地也令人眼花缭乱。

  黑暗城堡(Dimmuborgir)比邻而立，嶙峋交错的火山熔岩拔地而起，展现着古堡般的恢弘气势；这里也是冰岛传说中十三个圣诞老人的家。如果您是美剧《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》粉丝，或许还会发现黑暗城堡就是剧中“野人”的营地。

  黑暗城堡旁还隐藏着另一处小众景点，同时也是美剧的取景地：Grjótagjá洞穴温泉。温泉因温度过高现已关闭，不供游人体验，但您仍然可以下到洞内，参观雪诺和“野人”的定情之地。

  米湖本身浩渺而美丽，众多鸟类聚居于此，光是鸭子就有超过十几种。如果对植物感兴趣，记得去寻找这里举世罕见的珍奇苔藓球。

  米湖景区是冰岛北部旅游路线钻石圈中的一站。除上述景点外，钻石圈还包括了黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)、阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi)和众神瀑布(Goðafoss)等壮丽的自然胜景。

  米湖温泉,

  

  Námaskarð Pass is a geothermal area on the mountain Námafjall, in north Iceland, less than half an hour’s drive from Lake Mývatn. It is located by Route 1, which encircles the country.

  Connected to the Krafla volcano system, Námaskarð is home to many hot-springs and fumaroles.

  Geography of Námaskarð

  Námaskarð is notable due to its barrenness; no vegetation grows on its slopes. This is due to the heat beneath the earth, the acidity in the soil, and poisonous fumes being expelled.

  That is not to say, however, that the site is dull; its life comes from the vivid colours that streak through the earth, dyed by the elements brought up with the steam. Expect to see shades of red, orange, yellow and green, particularly concentrated around the springs themselves.

  The air smells intensely of sulphur throughout the area, which, while unpleasant, is a constant reminder of the powerful forces at work beneath your feet. Though it would be damaging for your health to spend too long breathing it, a visit for a few hours will not cause any problems.

  While exploring Námaskarð, be sure not to touch any of the running water, as it is likely to be boiling. Also, give all the hot springs a reasonably wide berth, as the land surrounding them may be unstable, with scalding steam just beneath the surface.

  Námaskarð is about 400 metres (1312 ft) above sea level.

  Surroundings of Námaskarð

  Námaskarð is situated between the mighty waterfalls of the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river (which include Europe’s most powerful waterfall, Dettifoss) and the Lake Mývatn area, making it a natural part of anyone’s itinerary if they are exploring the north from Akureyri or Mývatn.

  Those travelling the Diamond Circle are also encouraged to make a stop here if they have time.

  Námaskarð地热区,

  

  Djúpalónssandur黑沙滩位于冰岛西部的斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)，黝黑的卵石、陡峭的断崖都是火山运动的产物。

  形成历史与景点特色

  在斯奈山半岛还是活跃的商贸中心时，Djúpalónssandur黑沙滩的所在地与布迪尔(Búðir)与海德纳尔(Hellnar)等小镇一样，原本也是一座繁荣的渔村，但后来渐渐被废弃；如今这些渔港小镇虽也有人居住，但大多都作为游客中转站而活跃在斯奈山半岛的经济版图上。

  黑沙滩上的四块古老“举石”见证着昔日的捕鱼历史。四块石头重量依次递增，从23公斤～155公斤不等；过去的渔民海员就以这些石头来测量自己的力量。四块石头还各有其生动有趣的名字：Amlóði(无用)、Hálfdrættingur(弱儒)、Hálfsterkur(半力)、Fullsterkur(全力)。来到海滩的游客常常也会比试一番，但一定要注意安全、量力而行。

  1948年，一艘从格里姆斯比(Grimsby)出发的英国拖网渔船Epine GY 7号在海滩处失事，14位船员不幸遇难、5名船员幸存。船只的遗骸与零件就散落在沙滩上，在海浪、风暴与日光的侵蚀下锈迹斑斑。

  周围景点

  斯奈山半岛被誉为“冰岛缩影”，极富冰岛特色的地质胜景俯拾即是。Djúpalónssandur黑沙滩的黝黑卵石以及矗立海中的巨型熔岩构造怪物海岸Lóndrangar都诞生自火山爆发，风浪的侵蚀也将海崖与岩柱塑造成鬼斧神工的奇妙形态；从黑沙滩上，还可眺望到斯奈菲尔冰川火山(Snæfellsjökull)的磅礴身影。

  Djúpalón(深湖)与Svörtulón(黑湖)两座宁静的湖泊就掩映于黑沙滩岩丛之后，黑沙滩所在海湾的名称就取自“深湖”。过去的人们一直认为两座湖泊深不可测，而科学研究则表明，湖泊深度仅为5米。

  被熔岩环围的静美湖泊尽显冰岛自然之美，许多冰岛人也相信它们能够展露神迹；在12世纪末时，“黑湖”曾被Guðmundur góði主教祝圣，此后人们一直认为黑湖的湖水具有疗愈疾病的神奇功效。

  Söngklettur“唱歌洞”也位于黑沙滩附近。这座熔岩洞穴造型奇诡、颜色别致，黝黑中渗透着殷红。在民间传说中，这样的洞穴就是精灵矮人们的教堂，而Kerling、Lóndrangar等岩柱形态似人，则被认为是由巨人石化而成。

  注意事项

  在游览Djúpalónssandur黑沙滩时，一定要注意远离海浪。与冰岛南岸的雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)一样，来自大西洋的汹涌海浪时刻舔舐着沙滩，隐藏着巨大的危险。游客不能进入海中游泳；在背对海洋拍照时，也要记得与海浪保持距离，在风浪天气中尤其需要小心。

  黑沙滩的卵石美丽而圆润，但黑沙滩属于受法律保护的自然保护区，游客不得随意采集沙滩上的卵石；带走卵石是违法行为。

  Djúpalónssandur黑沙滩,

  

  秘密温泉位于冰岛南部的Flúðir小镇，坐落于Hverahólmi地热区；是一座人造地热温泉，同时也是冰岛最古老的地热温泉，每年都吸引了无数冰岛本地人与游客来此体验。

  虽然不及蓝湖温泉知名，仍需提前预定秘密温泉门票。

  周边景点

  秘密温泉坐落于冰岛最热门的黄金圈旅游景区，其所在地Flúðir小镇与黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)相距不远。小镇以温室种植而闻名，许多人以养殖园艺与农艺作物为业，为冰岛这座北极圈下的小岛全年提供新鲜蔬果、花卉植物。

  这一地区也以活跃的地热活动而闻名，人工及天然地热温泉多有分布。Hrunalaug就是其中一处历史悠久的温泉泳池，但近年来却因游客破坏而面目全非。

  秘密温泉则在经过改造后，成为了一处能够供多人使用的人造温泉。利用周围的天然地貌与地热资源，人们将秘密温泉打造为一处景色优美、水温恒定(38～40度)的小众温泉体验地点。

  温泉周围还有一座小型的间歇泉，每隔5分钟便喷发一次，在泳池中即可观赏到这处可爱小巧的地热景观；游人也可以通过温泉旁的小路走向间歇泉，近距离欣赏。

  蒸汽孔、间歇泉与地热温泉散发出滚滚蒸汽，营造出烟雾缭绕的梦幻景色，令人流连忘返。

  温泉历史

  

  秘密温泉初建于1891年，是冰岛最古老的人造地热温泉泳池。冰岛人就将其称作“老温泉”：gamla laugin。

  1909年，人们开始利用这座泳池进行游泳教学；1947年，教学场地才搬迁至Flúðir小镇的另一座新建泳池。这里还有一个关于冰岛的冷知识：虽然许多冰岛人以出海打渔为生，但在1990年前，冰岛人基本都不会游泳！而如今，冰岛基本人人都会游泳，游泳课程也是孩子们在学校的必修课。

  在新泳池建成后，秘密温泉几乎已被人们遗忘，直到下一任经营者接手泳池管理后，才使其焕发了新生。经过一系列整修，秘密温泉现在已成了一座设施完备的小众景点，吸引了无数游客来此探访。

  人们常将秘密温泉与蓝湖温泉对比：蓝湖设施更加齐全，包括桑拿、蒸汽房、硅泥面膜等，但其高昂的价格常常令游客望而却步。价格更低、少有人至的秘密温泉则是蓝湖的完美替代，让游客得以全身心体验冰岛温泉的闲适。

  秘密温泉距离首都雷克雅未克与凯夫拉维克国际机场(Keflavík)都很近，也是舒缓旅途疲劳的绝佳去处。

  秘密温泉与蓝湖温泉实则各有特色，因此许多旅行者会选择在抵达或离开冰岛的当天前往蓝湖温泉，而在游览黄金圈景区时体验秘密温泉，领略两种迥异的温泉情调。

  秘密温泉,

  

  Tröllaskagi is a dramatic peninsula in north Iceland, renowned for its enormous mountains and high population of Icelandic horses.

  Geography of Tröllaskagi

  Outside of the Highlands, Tröllaskagi has the tallest mountains in Iceland, many exceeding 1,000 metres (3281 ft) in height. The tallest here is Mount Kerling, which is over 1,500 metres (4921 ft) tall.

  In spite of its elevation, the permanent glaciers on the peaks are miniscule compared to even average Icelandic ice caps.

  Many valleys and bays were carved at the end of the last ice age, meaning the region is home to many rivers and waterfalls.

  What to do on the Tröllaskagi Peninsula

  The Tröllaskagi Peninsula lies to the west of Eyjafjorður, the fjord in which the ‘capital of the North’, Akureyri, is nestled, and to the east of Skagafjörður. In spite of its tall mountains, its lowland regions have quite a high population, due to excellent fishing and surprisingly fertile lands.

  Most farms are horse-farms, and riding is a popular activity in the area. Icelandic horses are a unique breed, known for being smaller than others, but also more intelligent, curious and sturdy. They also have their own unique gait, the tölt, making them a favourite amongst equestrians.

  Though only at the base of the peninsula, Akureyri is the most popular town in the area. It has a wealth of museums and galleries, excellent opportunities for whale-watching and other tours, and is close to highlights of the north such as Lake Mývatn and Goðafoss waterfall.

  Besides the Capital of the North, the most popular towns on it for visitors are Hofsós and Siglufjörður.

  Hofsós is most renowned for its Infinity Pool, an outdoor swimming pool with unbelievable views over the fjord and ocean. Those who have a walk along the cliffs here will also note some beautiful basalt rock formations.

  Siglufjörður, meanwhile, is best known for it Herring Era Museum. This museum has won an international award, and discusses how fisheries sustained the Icelandic populous in such tough conditions before the country’s development.

   

  巨人半岛,

   图片来自: Wikimedia, Creative Commons, 摄影师Johannes Martin.

  Seljavallalaug室外温泉泳池位于冰岛南岸，是冰岛最古老的泳池之一，位于Ásólfsskáli小镇以东约10公里处。

  Seljavallalaug泳池的历史

  建于1923年的Seljavallalaug是冰岛历史最悠久的人工温泉泳池之一，而最古老的冰岛温泉泳池是1891年建于Flúðir小镇的秘密温泉。

  Seljavallalaug泳池宽约10米、长约25米，一度是冰岛境内最大的温泉泳池(至1936年)。如今，冰岛最大的温泉泳池是位于首都雷克雅未克的Laugardalslaug。

  这座泳池最初是作为游泳训练场为孩童们修建的。虽然冰岛以渔业为支柱产业，但在当时并非人人都会游泳，如今游泳早已成为了冰岛学校中的必修课程。

  2010年艾雅法拉冰川火山(Eyjafjallajökull)大爆发时，位于冰岛南岸的Seljavallalaug泳池也未曾幸免，被大量火山灰填平来；直到2011年夏天一伙志愿者来此清理，泳池才再次投入正常使用。

  Seljavallalaug泳池注意事项

  图片来自: Wikimedia, Creative Commons, 摄影师BiT

  与大多数的冰岛地热温泉泳池不同，作为小众景点的Seljavallalaug泳池不收门票，也无专人管理，不设救生员，因此准备在泳池游泳的游客需要自行承担风险，与孩子一起时更要注意旅行安全。

  泳池的池壁与池底生长有湿滑的海藻，夏季尤甚，将池水染成神秘的绿色，但游客需格外注意防滑。

  此外Seljavallalaug泳池每年只清理一次，凝滞的池水滋长了各种细菌，极易刺激敏感皮肤；虽无有害细菌，但池水较不卫生。

  前往Seljavallalaug泳池

  从首都雷克雅未克前往Seljavallalaug泳池，只需沿一号环岛公路东行1.5小时，在242号公路转弯后到达一处停车场，之后即可徒步向北到达泳池。沿途游客将经过塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)等冰岛南岸景点。

  游客还将经过米尔达斯(Mýrdalsjökull)与艾雅法拉两座冰川，两座无垠冰盖下都掩藏着威力无穷的火山。冰岛南岸的另一座经典瀑布：斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)也与泳池相距不远。

  Seljavallalaug秘密温泉泳池,

  Photo from: Into the Lava | Audio Tour of Víðgelmir Lava Cave and Borgarfjörður

  Viðgelmir is the largest lava tube in Iceland at 1585 metres (5200 ft) long. It is located in the country’s west, and is one of the most popular destinations for lava tubing.

  Geography and Geology of Viðgelmir

  Viðgelmir is situated in the Borgarfjörður of west Iceland, beneath the Hallmundarhraun lava field. It was formed during a lava flow that occurred in the area in 900 AD.

  Lava tubes are formed when a river of running lava cools from the outside, creating a solid shell. When the liquid lava within this flows out, a cave is left remaining.

  This river must have been vast, as it left the largest cave in the country. Not only is it the longest, but also its widest, with the walls 16.5 metres (54 feet) apart at one point, and the highest, which the ceiling up to 15.8 metres (52 feet) above the ground.

  As with many lava caves in Iceland, Viðgelmir has both lava stalactites, which come from the ceiling, and stalagmites, from the ground. The former were formed when lava at the top part of the cave cooled as it dripped from above, and the latter indicated where this lava landed, pooled and began to stack.

  Unlike in limestone caves, these features never grow back if broken off, thus it is absolutely essential that you do not touch them or attempt to break them off. There are large fines for those who break these rules, and many of the more beautiful features are cordoned off.

  Lava Caving in Viðgelmir

  Viðgelmir is one of the country’s most popular lava caves, and the easiest to traverse for beginners.

  Unlike lava caves such as Leiðerendi on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Viðgelmir has a paved walkway and installed lights. This means those who are less confident on their feet do not need to worry about the uneven lava or relying on their own torch.

  The scale of the cave also makes walking it much less challenging, as there is no crawling, stooping or clambering needed to get through.

  History of Viðgelmir

  Viðgelmir is one of the many caves in Iceland that humans were known to have lived in.

  Through Iceland’s medieval period, it was a common punishment for criminals to be outlawed from society. Many of these moved into caves and lived out their lives as notorious bandits.

  It is very likely, considering the age of the evidence found, that this was the case in Viðgelmir. These artefacts are now kept in the National Museum of Iceland.

   

  Víðgelmir火山岩洞,

  

  南岸是冰岛最为著名的旅游观光线路之一，与黄金圈不相上下。

  自位于西南角的首都雷克雅未克（Reykjavik）起，南海岸线一直向东延伸至杰古沙龙冰河湖（Jökulsárlón），一路美景不断，瀑布、火山、黑沙滩、冰川点缀其间，秀丽与浩瀚之景并存。

  地理、自然与野生生态

  一号公路串联起的南海岸线是冰岛南部最容易到达的地区，以低地地貌为主，如牧场、海湾、沼泽、河口、黑沙滩。

  表层土地之下，是一片面积庞大的熔岩地，名为Þjórsárhraun。熔岩地的边缘一直延伸至海岸线外的数百米处，成为了南岸低地与海洋之间的缓冲区，阻止了大西洋的海浪直接侵袭低地土地。这也致使南岸地区没能形成深邃的峡湾，是冰岛唯一没有峡湾的沿海地区。

  

  一年四季，都可以在南海岸看到多种鸟类。淡水鸟通常会在沼泽地与河口附近筑巢，海鸟则聚居在悬崖和岩石之上。雷尼斯岩柱群（Reynisdrangar）、迪霍拉里（Dyrhólaey）海岬都是海鸟们的聚居地，比如每年会在五月至八月之间回到冰岛筑巢的北极海鹦（Puffin）。还有不少鸟则是一年四季在冰岛长居，如白嘴潜鸟以及各类海鸥、鸭子。

  野生海豹也经常聚居在南岸沿岸，以杰古沙龙冰河湖和钻石冰沙滩（Diamond Beach）为首。在冰岛旅行，一定别忘了在观光时多留意海面，或许还会发现鲸鱼和海豚的身影。

  南岸著名旅游景点

  冰岛南岸以多样化的自然美景闻名，每天都有成千上万的游客到访此地区，领略冰岛的自然之美。

  从冰岛首都雷克雅未克出发，沿着一号公路南下，首先会看到两座著名瀑布：塞里雅兰瀑布（Seljalandsfoss）和斯科加瀑布（Skógafoss）。在瀑布的上方，则是“恶名昭彰”的艾雅法拉火山（Eyjafjallajökull，其上是同名的埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖）。行驶途中，在天气明媚的日子，还可以看到远远矗立于海中的西人岛（Westman Islands）。

  一路南行，还将看到米尔达斯冰原（Mýrdalsjökull），在其下方沉睡的则是冰岛最活跃的火山之一－卡特拉火山（Katla）。米尔达斯冰原的分支索尔黑马冰川（Sólheimajökull），则是冰岛最著名的冰川徒步地点之一。

  继续前行，将到达聚居着大量海鸟的迪霍拉里海岬。即使不在海鹦繁殖的夏季造访，海岬魅力不减。一路开车至海岬之巅，可俯瞰南岸海岸线，各异的岩石、巨大的海蚀拱门映入眼帘，南岸黑沙滩与北大西洋的壮阔被尽收眼底。

  

  著名的雷尼斯黑沙滩（Reynisfjara）与冰岛最南端的小镇维克镇（Vík）毗邻。在黑沙滩正对面的海上矗立着传说中由巨怪所变的雷尼斯岩柱群。

  欣赏美景之余，在黑沙滩一定要留意危险的巨浪，不要接近海边，从而避开潜在的危机。翻开地图，会发现南极洲与雷尼斯黑沙滩之间没有任何陆地，不断加力的海浪威力可想而知。

  经过维克镇之后，将抵达一片荒漠黑沙平原Skeiðarársandur，随后进入瓦特纳冰川国家公园（Vatnajökull National Park）园区。国家公园从南一直延伸至北，南侧是欧洲最大的冰川瓦特纳冰川、无数的冰舌，以及著名的杰古沙龙冰河湖。

  这些壮美之景都可以通过一号公路到达，而它们还只是冰岛南岸美景的冰山一角。

  值得一游的南岸景点数不胜数：广袤的Sólheimasandur黑沙滩上的DC-3飞机残骸、瓦特纳冰川国家公园的斯卡夫塔山自然保护区（Skaftafell Nature Reserve）、隐藏在塞里雅兰瀑布几百米外的秘密瀑布（Gljúfrabúi）、杰古沙龙冰河湖对岸的钻石冰沙滩，以及附近的Fjallsárlón冰河湖，都是冰岛南岸不容错过的美丽景致。

  南岸,

  

  钻石冰沙滩位于冰岛南岸的杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)旁，是一片遍布碎冰的绝美黑沙滩，属Breiðamerkursandur冰川平原的一部分。

  冰河湖内的碎冰被暗涌冲刷上岸，陈列在沙滩之上。透明的冰块和黝黑的沙滩形成了鲜明的对比，特别是在阳光明媚的日子里，冰块反射着太阳光芒，犹如钻石般闪耀，因此得名钻石冰沙滩。钻石沙滩是摄影爱好者、自然爱好者和野生生态爱好者们的天堂。许多野生海豹生活在这一地区，经常出现在岸边或冰河湖中的巨型浮冰上，因此钻石冰沙滩及周边地区也是冰岛观赏海豹的最佳地点之一。

  Breiðamerkursandur冰川平原

  Breiðamerkursandur冰川冲刷平原位于Hornafjörður峡湾地区。这片广袤的沙滩沿冰岛南岸延绵约18公里，从Kvíárjökull冰川脚下一直延伸到Breiðamerkurjökull冰川下的杰古沙龙冰河湖。

  Kvíárjökull冰川和Breiðamerkurjökull冰川同属欧洲最大冰川——瓦特纳冰原(Vatnajökull)的分支冰舌，位于瓦特纳冰川国家公园内。

  Breiðamerkursandur形成于火山运动。瓦特纳冰川的三只冰舌(Breiðamerkurjökull、Hrútárjökull、Fjallsjökull)由于火山活动而向前流动，碾碎了其下的岩石，同时推动了冰川沉积物，塑造出一片平原。

  冰岛有许多形成原理类似的冰川平原。Breiðamerkurjökull冰川的末端更切入地表，塑造出如今的杰古沙龙冰河湖。这座1935年才形成的湖泊是目前冰岛最深的湖。

  虽然冰河湖和钻石冰沙滩有着令人屏息的美景，但它们都是气候变化、全球变暖的产物。随着冰川不断消融，冰河湖和冰沙滩的冰将逐步消失，最终变为普通的湖泊与沙滩。

  杰古沙龙冰河湖

  

  杰古沙龙冰河湖是冰岛最热门的旅游景点之一。湖中漂浮着无数从冰川上剥离的巨型浮冰。湖泊与海洋相连，暗流不断改变着浮冰的形态与位置，冰河湖的景色因此瞬息万变。

  Jökulsá河将冰河湖与大西洋连接，湖内浮冰会随着河水流动不断向大海移动，最终汇入海洋，许多碎冰还会被海浪带到冰河湖的出水口，在Breiðamerkursandur黑沙滩上陈列，这就是著名的“钻石沙滩”。

  钻石冰沙滩安全须知

  钻石冰沙滩不似雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)那般危险，并没有汹涌澎湃的巨浪，但在游览沙滩时仍有许多需要格外注意的安全事项。

  首先要防范巨型冰川碎冰。任何时候都绝对不要攀上这些冰块，以免被冰块锋利的边缘割伤。

  更危险的是，貌似平稳的浮冰暗藏危险；有人踏上冰块时，冰块很有可能因为突然的重量改变而翻转，使人落水；落水者则还有可能被湖泊暗涌拖入海中，或者因体温骤降而休克，危及生命！

  为了禁止游客做出鲁莽且危害个人生命安全的行为，地方政府已经正式立例，对踏上浮冰的游客征收高额罚款。

  钻石冰沙滩,

  

  一号环岛公路是冰岛最主要的公路干线，总长1332公里，连通了除西峡湾与斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)外的所有冰岛自然景区。

  冰岛最大的两座城市：世界最北首都雷克雅未克与“北部首都”阿克雷里(Akureyri)也位于一号公路沿线。

  博尔加内斯(Borgarnes)、布伦迪欧斯(Blönduós)、埃伊尔斯塔济(Egilsstaðir)、霍芬镇(Höfn)、教堂镇(Kirkjubæjarklaustur)、维克镇(Vík)、海德拉小镇(Hella)、Hvolsvöllur小镇、塞尔福斯(Selfoss)、“温泉镇”惠拉盖尔济(Hveragerði)等为游客提供住宿、餐饮的大型城镇也都位于一号公路旁。

  一号环岛公路沿线景点

  

  一号环岛公路路况良好、交通便利，引领自驾与参团的游客们前往最热门的冰岛旅游景点。绵长的公路沿冰岛南岸纵横铺展，仿佛一条金链，将塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)与斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)；米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)与艾雅法拉冰川火山(Eyjafjallajökull，又译埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖)；雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)与杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)等必游景点串联在一起。

  沿一号公路深入东部峡湾地区，您还将邂逅冰岛最大森林Hallormsstaðaskógur，以及神秘的拉加尔湖(Lagarfljót)；传说一只形似尼斯湖水怪的骇人巨兽就藏匿于湖心。

  冰岛北部的米湖地区(Mývatn)、众神瀑布(Goðafoss)，冰岛西部的历史文化名镇与淳朴自然风光也都令沿一号公路旅行的游人流连。

  一号环岛公路的历史

  一号公路竣工于1974年，是冰岛交通建设的里程碑之一；横跨Skeiðará河的冰岛最长桥梁也于同一年投入使用；1998年鲸鱼峡湾(Hvalfjörður)地下隧道建成，大大缩短了冰岛西部与北部之间的距离与交通时间。桥梁、隧道、公路共同构成了一号公路发达便捷的交通网。

  长达5.8公里的鲸鱼峡湾隧道是冰岛最长的隧道，位于海平面165米以下。东南部霍芬镇附近的一号公路路段上还坐落着另一处隧道：Almannaskarð；冰岛北部的Vaðlaheiðar隧道也已于2018年12月落成，将阿克雷里与胡萨维克(Húsavík)之间的距离缩短了16公里。

  冬季时节，一号环岛公路的大部分路段都继续开放通行，只有东部地区的少部分道路会因冰雪封路。冰岛天气多变，其他路段也有封路可能，游客需密切关注路况信息通知。

  一号环岛公路旅行注意事项

  一号公路大部分路段为双向车道，两个行车道方向相反。一些路段在上世纪四十年代的乡村公路基础上建成，驾驶者需特别注意交通标示，尤其是即将出现的急转弯、盲视转弯、盲点与单行桥等易发生交通事故的路段。

  一号公路柏油路段限速90公里/时，经过城市时需减速，碎石路段限速80公里/时。

  全年均可驾驶二驱车沿一号公路旅行，但冬季(10月～5月)来冰岛租车自驾，最好驾驶更适合冰雪路面的四驱车。

  无论冬夏、无分路段，在冰岛自驾必须格外注意驾驶安全。如果准备停车拍照，必须将车辆停靠在安全合法的停车区域，切记不可在道路中央随意停车。

  一号环岛公路,

  

  Fossatún is a country hotel, renowned for being a centre to learn about Iceland’s troll folklore.

  Nearby are Troll Waterfalls; in the cliffs next to them, the formation of a troll face can be seen amongst the rocks. For those staying at the hotel, there is a troll walk, where visitors can learn many local tales while enjoying the verdant countryside. The beautiful Skessuhorn mountain dominates the scenery, and the rushing river Grímsá is an excellent place to watch salmon jumping in summer.

  福萨图恩乡村酒店,

  

  The Diamond Circle is a famed 260 kilometre (162 mile) sightseeing route in the northeast of Iceland, characterised by its sheer number of natural attractions, picturesque settlements and fantastic landscapes.

  The Diamond Circle is available for those who wish to drive the route themselves, as well as those who would prefer to partake in a guided tour of the region.

  It is considered the northeastern alternative to the popular Golden Circle sightseeing route, which is reached by travelling for forty minutes from Iceland’s capital, Reykjavík, and comprised of the three major sites Þingvellir National Park, Geysir Geothermal Valley and Gullfoss Waterfall.

  The route’s four main attractions are Lake Mývatn, Europe’s most powerful waterfall, Dettifoss, the horseshoe-shaped canyon, Ásbyrgi and the fishing town of Húsavík, known primarily for its fantastic whale watching opportunities.

  Lake Mývatn

  Lake Mývatn is one of the most popular sites of the north; it is a favourite location for birdwatchers in particular, who can see dozens of species year round.

  The lake area is also known for its flora, being home to rare moss balls and many wildflowers, and its geology. This takes the form of basalt pillars rising from the waters, pseudocraters surrounding them, and the lava fortress of Dimmuborgir.

  Dimmuborgir is a dramatic and beautiful location, used as a setting for the Game of Thrones franchise. In folklore, it is said to be home to the thirteen Icelandic Yule Lads

  Dettifoss.

  

  Dettifoss is the most powerful waterfall in Europe, found in the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river in the Jökulsárgljúfur Canyon, which is part of the great Vatnajökull National Park. It is 40 metres (131 feet) tall and over 100 metres (328 feet) wide.

  Dettifoss is one of three waterfalls in the river; Selfoss is just a little upstream, while Hafragilsfoss is downriver.

  Ásbyrgi

  The horseshoe shaped canyon of Ásbyrgi is so perfectly formed that one could be forgiven for thinking it has divine origins. This is, in fact, what old Icelanders used to believe; according to legend, it was created when one of the hoofs of the eight-legged horse of the god Oðin made contact with the earth.

  The land within the canyon is well-forested, due to the shelter that the sheer cliffs provide.

  Húsavík

  Húsavík is often nicknamed ‘the whale-watching capital of Europe’, due to the wealth of life in its waters. Most tour operators boast 100 percent sighting rates on their tours throughout summer, with the most common species being humpback whales and white-beaked dolphins.

  Over twenty species of cetacean, however, are found in Iceland’s waters, and there is a chance of seeing any of them, depending on the time of year, from the town. Blue whales, for example, have been seen in summer, and some rather lost Narwhals and Belugas have been seen in winter.

  Other Sites

  Other sites on the Diamond Circle include the likes of Goðafoss Waterfall, Æðafossar (“Eider Falls”), Hljóðaklettar (“Echo rocks” or “The Whispering Cliffs”) and Laugar swimming pool.

  Do note, however, that not all tour operators travel to each of these attractions. If you are looking to visit each location individually, with nothing missed, it is recommended to drive the sightseeing route yourself.

  钻石圈,

  Wikimedia. Creative Commons. Credit: Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason. 

  Súlur is a mountain found to the south west of Iceland’s northern capital, Akureyri, in the north of the country. Súlur is a rhyolite mountain, composed of material created approximately 9 million years ago through volcanic eruptions. 

  Hiking

  Súlur is a popular feature among travellers to the north given its distinctive, pointed peak and picturesque hiking trails. Hikers begin the trail at the car park in Glerárdalur Valley, and can expect a 4-6 hour journey to the summit and back, experiencing a variety of terrain enroute that ranges from easy to more challenging. Throughout the trek, visitors will observe steep mountain slopes, crevasses and sinkholes.

  Súlur has two peaks, though the highest reaches 1213 metres (3979 ft). Those who manage to reach this high vantage point will be privy to incredible views over Akureyri and the neighbouring Eyjafjörður. 

  • See Also: Hiking Tours. 
     
  Súlur山

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下面我们列出了这个自驾套餐中的可选住宿级别。在每日行程中，您可以看到每一天具体的首选酒店。舒适级别住宿为单人预订安排单人间，多人预订将安排双人间或三人间的组合。如果您多人同时出行但是希望安排单人间，请联系客服进行单间差升级。品质住宿会为单数人数预订提供一个单人间，余下提供双人间。
青少年、儿童与家长共享房间时，可享受产品的青少年、儿童价格。如果因为人数超额需要额外安排房间，需按成人价格计算。
我们会从Guide to Iceland优选的酒店中为您安排您预订时可选的最佳选择。冰岛全国的酒店质量水平差异较大，且严重的供不应求，您定的越早，效果越为理想。一些地区无品质级别的住宿，如果您选择品质级别，无品质住宿地区的住宿将被安排在舒适级别住宿中，我们的品质级别升级差价只增加了可升级的部分，为您合理安排最佳酒店。如果您有特别需求，可联系我们的客服，我们会尽力满足您的需求。注：特别安排将会有额外的房型或服务费用。选择日期即可查询位置并预订。

下面您能看到我们的自驾套餐提供的车型选择。我们为您提供的车绝大部分情况下都是两年内的新车，配置GPS定位系统，以及基础碰撞险(CDW)、超级碰撞险(SCDW)、碎石险(GP)。预订过程中，您可以选择手动或自动挡车。

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