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8天7夜自驾｜冰岛环岛＋黄金圈
4月下旬至10月上旬，可以在冰岛环岛自驾游。如果不想太赶路又没有太多时间，这个8天7夜的环岛行程是这个季节最经典的基础环岛线路。沿着著名的冰岛一号环岛公路，尽享沿途美景。
蓝湖温泉、黄金圈、野性南岸的黑沙滩、瓦特那冰川国家公园、杰古沙龙冰河湖、北部米湖、阿克雷里，这些你耳熟能详的冰岛最著名的目的地都被囊括在这个环岛行程中。如果你希望在观光接触上有更多特色体验，还可以在预定时选择增加一些额外项目，比如在黄金圈增加刺激的雪地摩托、在南岸的索尔黑马冰川增加冰川徒步(Sólheimajökull)、在杰古沙龙冰河湖湖中船游，如果你喜欢动物，还可以增加骑马、观鲸。
这个环岛自驾的行程只在4月底至10月初开放，是因为冰岛的东部、北部地区多山路弯路，冬季来的早，且风雪更大，在冬季有不小的危险性，加上冰岛冬季日照短，自驾的优势远不如夏季明显。所以出于安全考虑，我们必须对大家的安全负责，推荐大家在冬季不要环岛。
您可以选择舒适或高端级别的酒店，均含早餐、安排私人卫浴，车型则有二驱、普通四驱、高端四驱三种级别供您选择。
冰岛人口少，旅游行业乃至各行各业资源紧俏。您预定这个套餐，将不用烦恼策划、预定需投入的大量时间和精力，让Guide to Iceland的旅行专家帮您选择最适合的冰岛旅行资源，并提供给您详细的行程单。我们会为您安排好全程的住宿和租车，根据您的航班时间把蓝湖温泉和附加项目合理的安排在行程中，根据您对附加项目的需求进行行程微调。
如果你想来冰岛环岛自驾游，就赶紧预定这个8天7夜的经典线路，轻松出行，畅享在冰岛自驾的乐趣吧！
行程速览
- 运营日期 5月. - 10月.
- 长度 8 天
- 项目 冰川徒步, 浮潜, 岩洞, 雪地摩托, 骑马, 观鲸, 观光, 船游, 温泉, 文化, 观鸟, 冰洞探险, 自驾
- 难度 容易
- 解说语言 English
- 亮点 蓝湖温泉,
冰岛蓝湖温泉(Blue Lagoon)位于冰岛西南部的雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)上，是冰岛最著名的旅游景点与地热温泉之一。
蓝湖温泉距离冰岛凯夫拉维克国际机场约15～20分钟车程；距离冰岛首都雷克雅未克约50分钟车程。温泉居于机场和首都之间，许多游客会将蓝湖温泉行程安排在抵达或离开冰岛当日，以节省旅行时间，优化旅行路线，舒缓长途飞行之后的疲劳身心。
历史
1976年时，蓝湖只不过是一汪从Svartsengi地热发电厂排出的废水。1981年，发电厂员工Valur Margeirsson成为了第一个进入蓝湖泡温泉的人。Valur提出要进入蓝湖时，遭到了不少人的反对，只因当时的人都认为这里只是一滩“蓝色泥潭”，而非温泉。但不久大家就都发现，这汪蓝宝石色的湖水具有改善肌肤、舒缓肌肉的神奇效果。
蓝湖温泉对牛皮癣等皮肤病症有显著的疗效，有助患者减轻病情。温泉的奇效也随之在冰岛传开，1987年，蓝湖温泉设施对外开放，成为正式温泉。
此后蓝湖温泉逐步发展，从简陋的户外泳池慢慢成为了今天的奢华温泉SPA。
今日蓝湖
科学研究表明，蓝湖温泉含有二氧化硅、硫等丰富的矿物质，有助于改善皮肤状况，现在蓝湖也专门为皮肤病患者设立了研究所和疗养中心。蓝湖温泉也会为普通游客免费提供硅泥面膜，让游人体验蓝湖温泉的天然魅力。
蓝湖温泉的水温全年保持在37～39°C，无论冬夏游人都可以在温暖舒适的泉水中度过愉快的温泉时光。温泉内还有桑拿房、蒸汽房和人工瀑布等设施，供游客舒缓疲劳。
蓝湖温泉范围内另设有LAVA餐厅、咖啡厅以及SPA。在造访蓝湖期间，您也可以选择去餐厅用餐，品尝美味的鸡尾酒，或者预约SPA按摩服务，以多样的方式感受蓝湖温泉的多元乐趣。
蓝湖温泉也是冰岛最浪漫的旅游目的地之一。火山熔岩地貌与湛蓝的泉水相映成趣，让蓝湖温泉更添梦幻色彩。
蓝湖温泉旅游贴士
蓝湖温泉是冰岛少数全年无休的旅游景点，一年四季都有来自世界各地的游客造访。为了控制入场人数、确保温泉内的游客有足够的活动空间，蓝湖每天每个时段的入场人数都非常有限。想要造访蓝湖，必须提早在蓝湖官网预定门票，确保入场位置。蓝湖不设临时购票柜台，如果没有预先购买门票，即使抵达了现场也无法入场。
在换泳衣进入温泉之前，游客需要先在更衣室裸体洗澡，达到温泉规定的卫生标准。在游泳前先洗澡也是冰岛特有的规定，大家早已习以为常；如果不想与他人赤裸相对，也可以使用蓝湖更衣室内的洗澡隔间。
相比其他温泉，蓝湖温泉价格较高。如果希望在冰岛体验价格更加便宜、但品质同样有所保障的天然地热温泉，可以选择黄金圈沿途的Fontana地热温泉、秘密温泉(Secret Lagoon)、北部的米湖天然温泉(Mývatn)或者西部的Krauma温泉。
黄金圈,绵延300公里的黄金圈是冰岛最热门的旅游路线，盖歇尔间歇泉地热区(Geysir)、黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)与辛格维利尔国家公园(Þingvellir)三大景点都是冰岛旅行的必游景点。
黄金圈景区交通便利，从首都雷克雅未克出发一日之内即可往返；租车自驾和参加旅行团都是绝佳的旅行选择，一些旅行团还将黄金圈自然观光与浮潜、雪地摩托、直升机、午夜阳光等特色旅行项目结合，升级黄金圈旅行体验。
黄金圈是冰岛最经典的旅行路线，三大自然景点尽显冰岛地质的神奇瑰丽与冰岛文化的恢弘迷人。
盖歇尔间歇泉地热区
盖歇尔间歇泉地热区位于Haukadalur山谷内。间歇泉这一地热奇观的英文学名“geyser”就源自这一地区的盖歇尔(Geysir)。
如今盖歇尔已几乎不再喷发，取而代之的是活跃的史托克间歇泉(Strokkur)；每隔5～10分钟，史托克便喷发出40余米的沸腾水柱，地心深处的澎湃力量也由此涌出地表。
地热区还遍布着蒸汽孔、沸泥潭、地热喷泉等地热奇观，除了盖歇尔与史托克外，这里还分布有Smiður与Litli-Strokkur两座小型间歇泉。盖歇尔景区设施齐全，设有酒店、餐厅、咖啡厅与旅行纪念品商店。
黄金瀑布
黄金瀑布是冰岛最壮丽的瀑布之一，也是冰岛最大的断层瀑布。瀑布高达32米，分为两层汇入峡谷；发源自Hvítá“白河”的黄金瀑布水流极为丰沛，Hvítá也是冰岛最受欢迎的漂流地点之一。黄金瀑布距离盖歇尔间歇泉地热区仅有10分钟车程，也是黄金圈三大景点中距离首都雷克雅未克最远的一处。
20世纪初时，英国投资者预备在黄金瀑布筑坝，利用瀑布的强大水能发电。虽然已拿到一纸租约，但瀑布土地所有者的女儿Sigríður Tómasdóttir始终与其抗争，竭尽全力保护这片生养自己的美丽国土。Sigríður曾数度步行200公里，往返于雷克雅未克与黄金瀑布之间，与律师商讨对策，最终终使投资商放弃了修建水电站的计划。
Sigríður终于成功，冰岛也从此禁止外国投资商染指瀑布；Sigríður被誉为冰岛第一位环境主义者，也位列冰岛历史上最重要的人物之一。
辛格维利尔国家公园
辛格维利尔国家公园是黄金圈景区的最后一处景点。公元930年，冰岛议会于辛格维利尔成立，直至1798年才搬迁至雷克雅未克。冰岛议会也是世界上运行时间最长的民主议会。
辛格维利尔国家公园被联合国教科文组织认证为世界文化遗产，也是冰岛最具历史文化价值的人文景点之一。与此同时，辛格维利尔恢弘的地理地质与维京历史亦相映成趣。北美与亚欧两大地质板块于此交界，大西洋中脊横贯其间，板块分界的大裂谷与火山地貌无比震撼。
丝浮拉大裂缝(Silfra)即形成于板块地质运动，裂缝中注满了纯净剔透的冰川融水，水下能见度可达100米以上，五光十色的水下世界仿如梦幻，因此丝浮拉大裂缝也成为了举世闻名的浮潜与潜水地点。丝浮拉水温常年维持在2°C，因此多数游客会选择参加干衣浮潜，收获在两大板块之间潜水畅游的非凡体验。
在Almannagjá峡谷，游客可以触摸北美板块的粗糙边缘；在冰岛最大湖泊议会湖(Þingvallavatn)，游客则可以领略粗犷火山地貌的静美一面。
黄金圈景区小众景点
黄金圈景区位于冰岛西南部，与许多小众景点相距不远。Flúðir小镇的秘密温泉与Laugarvatn地区的Fontana温泉都是体验冰岛地热温泉的完美去处；经由朗格冰川(Langjökull)的人造冰川隧道，游客可以深入探秘冰川内部构造；在索尔黑马生态村(Sólheimar)，游客可以体验别样的生活艺术；Kerið火山口湖的迷人景色也同样不容错过。
推荐阅读《冰岛百科｜著名景区黄金圈－9种小众玩法》攻略，解锁更多黄金圈自驾与参团玩法。
东部冰岛,冰岛东部地域广阔，以极致的自然美景与迷人的历史文化著称。鲜少有人造访的东部峡湾即属冰岛东部大区，各具魅力的峡湾小镇与丰富的野生生态是东部峡湾的最大特色。
冰岛东部的小镇与基础设施
冰岛东部的城镇并不多，其中基础设施最完备的是东部地区的最大城镇：埃伊尔斯塔济(Egilsstaðir)。
埃伊尔斯塔济镇上设有餐厅、商店、加油站以及适合不同旅行预算的住宿选择，也有博物馆等文化设施。埃伊尔斯塔济也设有机场，游客可以选乘冰岛国内航班，从雷克雅未克飞抵埃伊尔斯塔济，参加从当地出发的冰岛东部旅行团。
塞济斯菲厄泽(Seyðisfjörður)是冰岛东部另一个著名小镇，《白日梦想家》电影就曾在此取景；除了一般的旅游服务外，游客还可以选择从这里搭乘轮船，前往斯堪的纳维亚地区的其他国家。“神山小镇”Djúpivogur也同样是冰岛东部的重要城镇之一。
冰岛东部也是Kárahnjúkar水力发电站的所在地，电站为许多城镇提供能源。大坝的建造曾引发对冰岛生态环境的热烈争论。
冰岛东部的自然与生态
冰岛东部以群山环围的峡湾景色而闻名，幽深的峡湾内也坐落着许多可爱的渔村小镇。
东部的内陆地区则有着肥沃的农业耕作区，同时也是冰岛最大森林Hallormsstaðaskógur的所在地，森林也是冰岛桦树分布面积最大的区域。距离森林不远处拉加尔湖(Lagarfljót)则是东部地区的另一大自然景点，传说湖中栖居着一只蛇形水怪！
许多河流贯穿冰岛东部，在这些河流的河口通常都能找到海豹的聚居地。资源丰富的水域中富含海洋生物，也为鲸鱼和海豚提供了充足的食物，东部地区的自然生态因此无比活跃。
冰岛最高的独立山峰Snӕfell是冰岛东部的地标性景点，高原绿洲Eyjabakkar则是世界上最大的粉脚雁栖息地之一。
冰岛野生驯鹿也聚居在冰岛的东部。驯鹿最早被挪威商人带到冰岛，但由于缺乏系统饲养的农场，这些驯鹿现在均成为了无人养殖的野生动物。许多鸟类夏季时也会来到冰岛东部栖息，其中就包括可爱的海鹦。
欧洲最大冰川——瓦特纳冰原(Vatnajökull)一路从冰岛南岸延展至冰岛东部，常常会在视线中出现。
冰岛东部的文学文化
冰岛东部文化、历史的中心是Fljótsdalshérað地区的Skriðuklaustur。这里曾是冰岛中世纪的修道院，也是东部地区的宗教中心；20世纪时，冰岛著名作家贡纳尔·贡纳尔松(Gunnar Gunnarsson)也曾经居住于此潜心创作。
贡纳尔曾经创作出众多大师级文学作品，例如《降临节》(Aðventa)、《黑鸟》(Svartfugl)、《博尔加家族萨迦》(Saga borgarættarinnar)、自传体小说《山上教堂》(Fjallkirkjan)等。
冰岛东部的现代文化依然活跃，主要以各类特色节日的形式体现。每年在塞济斯菲厄泽(Seyðisfjörður)举行的LungA音乐节、在Neskaupstaður举行的Eistnaflug重金属音乐节和Neistaflug音乐节都吸引了来自冰岛全国乃至世界各地的无数游客额。
北部冰岛,冰岛北部是一个充满自然魅力的地区，也是不少冰岛著名景点的所在地。
冰岛北部的热门景区包括：米湖地区(Mývatn)；有“冰岛北部之都”称号的阿克雷里(Akureyri)；观鲸小镇胡萨维克(Húsavík)；瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)北部等。
冰岛北部多峡湾、山川的地理风光也无比壮丽。
埃亚峡湾(Eyjafjordur，也称岛屿峡湾)
埃亚峡湾是冰岛北部的主要峡湾之一，阿克雷里就坐落于该峡湾内。阿克雷里人口共约17,000，是除了冰岛首都大雷克雅未克地区之外人口最多的城市。
阿克雷里与冰岛一号环岛公路相接，陆路交通便利。阿克雷里也有供邮轮和货船停泊的港口，因此也会有人乘船前往阿克雷里。
阿克雷里的老城区是市区内最值得一游的区域。历史悠久的建筑能让有人充分体验冰岛北部的文化风情。阿克雷里还有着有趣的博物馆、艺术馆以及地处世界最北端的植物园，这些都让其成为冰岛北部的必游城市之一。
对于喜欢滑雪的人来说，位于阿克雷里附近的Hlidarfjall滑雪场也是冰岛冬季旅行必到的目的地之一。
锡格吕菲厄泽峡湾(Siglufjörður)
锡格吕菲厄泽峡湾位于埃亚峡湾与斯卡加峡湾(Skagafjörður)的交界，峡湾内有一个迷人的同名小镇锡格吕菲厄泽。
锡格吕菲厄泽小镇位于深幽的峡湾内，具有传统峡湾小镇的特色。小镇被延绵的山脉环绕，颇具避世风情，镇上也有不少冰岛特色博物馆，是游客深入了解冰岛历史文化的绝佳去处。
锡格吕菲厄泽小镇内最著名的博物馆是民谣音乐博物馆以及鲱鱼时代博物馆。鲱鱼时代博物馆是冰岛唯一一个赢得过国际奖项的博物馆；馆内展示了冰岛人依靠海洋为生的千年历史。
瓦斯半岛(Vatnsnes)
瓦斯半岛闻名的原因有二。其一在于，瓦斯半岛是冰岛观看野生海豹的最佳地点，一年四季都有机会在半岛的海滩上找到慵懒可爱的海豹们。在华姆斯唐吉镇(Hvammstangi)还专门设有海豹中心，游人可以在中心内了解到很多有关冰岛海豹的知识。
其二在于，冰岛著名的奇石犀牛石(Hvítserkur, 亦称象形石)就位于半岛之上。根据冰岛的传说，犀牛石原本是一只可怕的巨怪，但由于躲避不及阳光的照射，才被永远变成了岩石，矗立于海中。
Thingeyjarsysla
Þingeyjarsýsla县区聚集了冰岛热门旅游景点，其中最经典的就是米湖。米湖以丰富的地热资源闻名，有着奇诡的火山熔岩地貌和伪火山坑，还有许多鸟类在此栖息。
米湖地区周围也有很多经典的景色，其中包括《权力的游戏》取景地之一黑暗城堡熔岩群(Dimmuborgir)以及美丽的众神瀑布(Goðafoss)。
“观鲸小镇”胡萨维克也位于Thingeyjarsysla县地区，由于观鲸成功率非常高，也常被誉为“欧洲观鲸之都”。每年夏季的冰岛观鲸旺季，都会有许多赏鲸船从这里出发，载着游人到附近的海湾寻觅鲸鱼的身影。
Jökulsárgljúfur峡谷地区则集聚了冰岛北部地区几处最受欢迎的自然景点：欧洲水力最大的瀑布黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)、菲约德勒姆冰河(Jökulsá á Fjöllum)、马蹄峡谷(Ásbyrgi，亦称阿斯匹吉峡谷)等。
格里姆赛岛(Grimsey)
冰岛北部的格里姆赛岛，是冰岛唯一一处位于北极圈内的领土。岛上人口只有约100人，以渔业、丰富的植被和鸟类闻名，也是夏季观察冰岛非官方“国鸟”海鹦的最佳地点之一。
西部冰岛,从地理位置来说，冰岛首都雷克雅未克同属冰岛西部。此外冰岛西部还有三大主要景区：斯奈山半岛(Snӕfellsnes)、博尔加峡湾(Borgarfjörður)和布雷扎峡湾(Breiðafjörður)。冰岛西部集聚着欧洲流速最快的温泉、冰岛最大的熔岩洞穴、迷人的冰川、美丽的瀑布、历史悠久的文化遗迹等景点。
虽然西峡湾地区和雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)也都位于冰岛西部，但人们常将其视为两个独立的区域，将其作为特殊地区单独介绍。
冰岛首都地区
冰岛的首都是雷克雅未克(Reykjavík)，城市人口约为120,000，整个大雷克雅未克地区的人口则超过200,000。雷克雅未克的历史要追溯至公元870年：第一位定居冰岛的维京人英格尔夫·阿纳尔松(Ingólfur Arnarson)将此处作为定居地。
雷克雅未克也是冰岛历史最悠久的聚落，也是冰岛文化艺术的心脏。Sónar音乐节、冰岛电波音乐节(Iceland Airwaves)、秘密夏至音乐节(Secret Solstice)都在每年如期举行；同志大游行、冰岛文化之夜等盛大的文化节日也都以雷克雅未克为主阵。城市的博物馆、艺术馆各具特色，街头艺术、雕塑作品随处可见，还有许多听现场音乐、看艺术表演的场地与美味地道的酒吧与餐厅。雷克雅未克是一座充满活力的北欧都市。
哈尔格林姆斯大教堂(Hallgrímskirkja)、Harpa音乐会议厅、太阳航海者雕塑(Sólfar)等雷克雅未克的著名地标也都是赫赫有名的必游景点。
雷克雅未克是许多游客的自由行基地，也是很多冰岛旅行团出发的地点。您可以在雷克雅未克攻略页面找到更多由冰岛本地人撰写的实用旅行信息。
博尔加峡湾
博尔加峡湾位于雷克雅未克以北，不少著名的历史和自然景点就坐落于此。例如雷克霍特(Reykholt)就是冰岛中世纪文豪斯诺里·斯图鲁松(Snorri Sturluson)的故居，他曾在这里创作出了《散文埃达》、《挪威列王传》等北欧经典文学作品。
博尔加峡湾地区的最大城市是博尔加内斯(Borgarnes)，这也是冰岛最早有人定居的地区之一。参观当地的冰岛定居中心展览(Settlement Centre)，您将更加深入地了解冰岛历史。
博尔加峡湾也不乏自然胜景。冰岛第二高的瀑布——格里穆尔瀑布(Glymur)以及熔岩瀑布(Hraunfossar)、儿童瀑布(Barnafoss)都跻身冰岛最美瀑布之列；冰岛最长的熔岩洞穴Viðgelmir、欧洲流速最快的温泉德尔达图赫菲(Deildartunguhver)、冰岛第二大冰川——朗格冰川(Langjökull)也都位于这个迷人的峡湾之内。
斯奈山半岛
有“冰岛缩影”之称的斯奈山半岛也同属冰岛西部。磅礴的斯奈菲尔冰川火山(Snӕfellsjokull)与以冰川为中心的斯奈菲尔国家公园就坐落在这座狭长半岛之上。
斯奈山半岛因地貌丰富多样、极具冰岛特色而被誉为冰岛缩影，您将在半岛上发现火山、冰川、瀑布、山脉、熔岩原等奇妙的地理构造。半岛上最热门的景点是教会山(Kirkjufell，也称草帽山)、Gerðuberg玄武岩壁以及有“怪物海岸”之称的Lóndrangar海蚀柱。
布雷扎峡湾
布雷扎峡湾分割了西峡湾与斯奈山半岛，海湾内散落着无数小岛，成千上万的鸟类都以此为家，其中就包括冰岛非官方“国鸟”海鹦。
古老的Eiriksstadir农场就位于布雷扎峡湾地区，也是维京人红发艾瑞克(Eric the Red)的故居。红发艾瑞克是第一个踏上格陵兰岛的欧洲人(于公元984年)，其子莱夫·艾瑞克森(Leifr Eiríksson)则先于哥伦布500年发现了北美洲(约于公元1000年)。
雷克雅未克,雷克雅未克(Reykjavík)是冰岛的首都，亦是世界上位置最北的首都。
相比其他北欧都市，冰岛首都雷克雅未克更多了几分静谧、几分安详(市区人口约为12万，大雷克雅未克地区人口也仅为20万)，但这座城市充满了活力与惊喜，每年都吸引无数游客来此体验世界尽头的另一种生活。雷克雅未克是冰岛的政治、经济与文化中心，也是世界上最干净、最安全的城市。
雷克雅未克的地理位置
雷克雅未克位于冰岛西南部，临法赫萨湾(Faxaflói)而建。冰川、地震与火山喷发运动共同塑造了这一地区的地理地貌，这一地区也富含地热能，要知道“雷克雅未克”的意思就是“冒烟的海湾”。
雷克雅未克的大部分地区在大冰期时被掩埋于一座延伸至奥尔塔内斯半岛(Álftanes)的广袤冰川之下，其余部分则被海洋淹没。大冰期末期，陆块上升，冰川脱落，这片土地才得以浮出地表。
雷克雅未克的海岸线曲折而绵长，点缀着众多半岛、海湾、海峡以及维迪岛(Viðey)等众多岛屿，海湾中还有多种海鸟与鲸鱼栖居。一座起伏有致的山峰点缀着雷克雅未克海岸，在不同季节变幻出不同的美，这就是著名的埃斯亚山(Esjan)。
埃斯亚山是雷克雅未克地区的最高山峰，颇受徒步与登山爱好者的钟爱。从雷克雅未克海湾远眺，Akrafjall与Skarðsheiði也将映入视线。晴朗天气中，甚至连斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)上的斯奈菲尔冰川也会在天边浮现。
Elliðaárdalur山谷中的Elliðaá河是雷克雅未克的最大河流，也是冰岛钓三文鱼的最佳地点之一。
雷克雅未克的交通
冰岛没有火车与地铁，最常见的交通工具是汽车与公交车。雷克雅未克还有两处港口：位于市中心的旧港与位于城市东部的Sundahöfn港。
雷克雅未克市区内有一座国内机场，位于Vatnsmýrin，与市中心以及珍珠楼Perlan所在的Öskjuhlíð山相距不远。冰岛的国际机场是位于雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)上的凯夫拉维克国际机场(Keflavík)，距离首都约有50公里。
游客可以选择租自行车、汽车或吉普车在雷克雅未克旅行，或直接参加从首都出发的旅行团。如果只是参观市中心地区的城市地标景点，可以选择直接步行或乘坐公交车。
雷克雅未克旅行活动
雷克雅未克是著名的北欧文学艺术之都，全年都会举办各种特色活动与节日。无论哪个月份来雷克雅未克旅行，都有机会邂逅来自世界各地的名人、艺术家、音乐家、歌手、作家、诗人等——例如比约克、胜利玫瑰Sigur Rós等冰岛知名音乐人；以及《宇宙天使》的作者埃纳尔·茂尔·古德蒙德松(Einar Már Guðmundsson)、曾与比约克合作作词且如今蜚声国际文坛的诗人松(Sjón)等。
冰岛电波音乐节、Sónar音乐节、秘密夏至音乐节、雷克雅未克同志骄傲游行(Gay Pride)、雷克雅未克国际电影节RIFF、雷克雅未克文学节、文化之夜、雷克雅未克艺术节、美食欢乐节(Food & Fun)、雷克雅未克时尚周等大大小小的节日每年都会如期而至。
想要更加深入地领略酷炫的冰岛文化历史，可以参观城市中的博物馆、艺术馆与摄影展览，在咖啡厅、酒吧或Harpa音乐厅听音乐现场演出，到城市旧港与Grótta灯塔观日落、等极光，在Laugavegur购物主街上购买旅行纪念品，或者去逛逛惊喜无限的跳蚤市场。游客还可以出海参加观鸟、观鲸旅行团，或者登上维迪岛，参观岛上的历史遗迹与艺术装置。阅读这篇《玩转雷克雅未克：十大必做之事》深度攻略，像冰岛本地人一样体验世界最北首都生活。
冰岛议会大厦Alþingi前的Austurvöllur广场上伫立着冰岛独立“国父”Jón Sigurðsson的雕像，一街之隔便是雷克雅未克的主教座堂(Dómkirkjan)。广场周围环绕着多家餐厅、酒吧与咖啡厅。Austurvöllur是冰岛有名的抗议集会地点，2008年冰岛金融危机时愤怒的市民就曾齐聚广场抗议示威。
沿Lækjargata街漫步，游客将到达托宁湖(Tjörnin)与市政厅。天鹅、鸭子、海鸥等水鸟常年在湖泊中栖息，托宁湖喂鸭子也是在雷克雅未克旅行的必做之事之一。湖滨公园是休憩、散步、遛狗的好去处，夏季时湖边还会不时举办露天音乐会。
冰岛大学、北欧之屋(Nordic House)、Vatnsmýrin湿地与托宁湖仅一街之隔。各种与北欧有关的音乐、文学、艺术活动时常在北欧之屋上演，而其旁的Vatnsmýrin自然保护区则是许多鸟类的重要栖息地。
沿海的雷克雅未克虽没有地中海式的阳光海滩，但天气良好时，由地热加热的Nauthólsvík海滩也是个游泳、晒太阳的好去处。城市中还有多家地热温泉泳池，其中最大一座位于Laugardalur，与Ásmundarsafn雕塑展览馆、雷克雅未克动物园、植物园都相距不远。
另一座海滩Ægissíða位于雷克雅未克的西城区(Vesturbær)，开阔的海景与石滩景色令人心旷神怡，在海滩上可以远眺到冰岛总统府Bessastaðir。
Skólavörðuholt山丘上的哈尔格林姆斯大教堂(Hallgrímskirkja)是雷克雅未克的另一座必游城市地标；购票登上教堂尖塔，游客可以一览雷克雅未克城市全景，将可爱的北欧彩色房顶尽收眼底。
建于Öskjuhlíð山上的珍珠楼是鸟瞰雷克雅未克城市全景的另一个好去处，珍珠楼内也设有咖啡厅与冰岛自然展览。176000棵树木环绕着珍珠楼，营造了葱茏而静谧的环境。游客可以一边在林中骑车、漫步，一边呼吸清新的森林空气。
雷克雅未克是许多游客游览冰岛的大本营。许多旅行团都从首都接团出发，黄金圈、蓝湖温泉等景点也与首都相距不远，自驾距离适中。首都范围内的Heiðmörk自然保护区以及城市外围的蓝山(Bláfjöll)也是颇受欢迎的自然景点。
最详尽、最专业的雷克雅未克行程指南，尽在雷克雅未克攻略页面。
阿克雷里,阿克雷里(Akureyri)被誉为“冰岛北部首都”，栖于埃亚峡湾(Eyjafjörður)内，距离北极圈仅100公里；阿克雷里人口达17800，是冰岛第二大城市。
经济概况
阿克雷里是冰岛的渔业重镇之一，而近年来旅游业、工业、高等教育与服务业亦日渐成为城市的经济支柱。
阿克雷里位于一号环岛公路沿线，交通发达。市中心三公里外即是国内机场，阿克雷里的港口亦多船只往来，颇为繁忙。
渔业是阿克雷里的传统经济支柱，冰岛最大渔业公司Samherji在城市设有分部；冰岛最大的酿酒厂Vifilfell也设址于此，著名的Kaldi精酿啤酒就产自阿克雷里。
阿克雷里基础设施极为完善，阿克雷里医院(Sjúkrahúsið á Akureyri (SAk), Fjórðungssjúkrahúsið á Akureyri (FSA))即是冰岛的两大医院之一。
在阿克雷里旅行的游客还将领略到独一无二的北欧自然、文化与历史之美；Hlíðarfjall滑雪场更是户外运动爱好者的天堂，每年的Ak Extreme滑雪节都将在这座冰岛最佳滑雪场举行。
自然概况
阿克雷里位居埃亚峡湾(Eyjafjörður，又称岛屿峡湾)，四周为群山环绕，最高峰Kerling海拔达1538米。赫里塞岛(Hrísey)位于埃亚峡湾与格里姆塞岛(Grímsey)之间，两座岛屿同属阿克雷里辖域。赫里塞岛常被誉为“埃亚峡湾的明珠”，而格里姆塞岛是冰岛唯一一处位于北极圈内的领土，故有“北极圈的明珠”的美誉。每年夏季，两座僻静的小岛也都成了北极海鹦的热闹家园。
阿克雷里与冰岛北部的其他热门景区也相距不远。米湖地区(Mývatn)、黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)均是冰岛北部钻石圈景区的明星景点。米湖以月球般的自然地质、外星般的地热活动与活跃的鸟类生活而闻名，黛提瀑布则是欧洲最汹涌的瀑布。
瓦斯半岛(Vatnsnes)上的华姆斯唐吉(Hvammstangi)是冰岛观赏海豹的最佳地点之一，著名的犀牛石(亦称象鼻石)Hvítserkur也坐落于半岛地区。两处景点都与阿克雷里距离适中。
沿一号公路从南部首都雷克雅未克北上，仅需5小时即可到达阿克雷里。
历史文化概况
二战期间，阿克雷里是同盟国的重要据点之一；城市也在外国驻军的影响下迅速发展扩大，大量居民从乡村迁入城市。
阿克雷里是冰岛文化中心之一，文化场所、酒吧、餐厅中常常上演音乐演出与艺术展览。每年夏天，Vaka民俗节等盛大节日也会在阿克雷里举办。
城市中的文化场所也展示了冰岛建筑之美：集音乐演出与展览于一体的Hof文化中心、主题各异的博物馆以及全年营业的圣诞屋。
世界最北的植物园也是阿克雷里居民引以为豪的热门景点之一。想要体验冰岛小众生活的游客，还可以到市中心的温泉泳池去泡地热温泉。
阿克雷里教堂(Akureyrarkirkja)是这座城市最知名的地标景点。教堂修建于1940年，由冰岛彼时最著名的建筑设计师古德永·塞姆埃松(Guðjón Samúelsson)设计；首都雷克雅未克的哈尔格林姆斯大教堂(Hallgrímskirkja)即出自古德永之手。
杰古沙龙冰河湖,冰岛南岸的杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)是冰岛最著名的冰泻湖，位于冰岛一号环岛公路沿途，处于斯卡夫塔山自然保护区(Skaftafell)和霍芬镇(Höfn)之间，是冰岛旅行最热门的必游自然景点之一。
地理
杰古沙龙冰河湖由Breiðamerkurjökull冰舌的冰川融水滋养，而这条冰舌则发源自欧洲最大冰川——瓦特纳冰原(Vatnajökull)。
一年四季无分昼夜，冰湖内始终漂浮着许多巨型冰块，其中的一些甚至与楼房等高。
浮冰的巨型体积引人瞩目，而纯白与冰蓝混合的冰块颜色、掺杂火山灰的冰块纹理。也都令造访冰河湖的游人颇感震撼。
浮冰跟随水流渐渐漂流入海，进入广袤的大西洋，而有些冰块则会被冲刷到Breiðamerkursandur黑沙滩上；这片聚集了无数如钻石般闪耀的碎冰的沙滩，也因此被冠上了“钻石冰沙滩”的名号。
虽然杰古沙龙冰河湖只是近代才出现的自然景观，如今却已经成为冰岛最深的湖泊。目前杰古沙龙冰河湖深约248米，面积约为18平方公里。随着冰川不断消融退却，在不久的将来，杰古沙龙冰河湖也会逐步演变成冰岛最大的湖泊。
历史
杰古沙龙冰河湖并非自移民定居时代就一直存在的自然景观，而是在1935年才开始慢慢形成的。自20世纪以来，冰岛的平均气温逐年升高。1920年，Breiðamerkurjökull冰舌开始迅速融化退却，其融水也逐步填满了冰川脚下的大片空地，形成了一片冰河湖。
杰古沙龙冰河湖的面积仍在持续扩张，现在的面积已经比1975年扩大了两倍以上。随着扩张持续，杰古沙龙冰河湖最终会变为峡湾。
冰岛冰川的消融一直都是严峻的自然灾难，但无意中形成的冰河湖也称得上是一个短暂的“美丽错误”。
世界各地的电影导演早已发现了杰古沙龙冰河湖的绝世之美。詹姆士·邦德系列电影《007之雷霆杀机》(1985年)、《择日而亡》(2002年)、《蝙蝠侠：侠影之谜》(2005年)等电影大片都曾在此取景拍摄，将冰河湖之美搬上了大荧幕。
2017年，杰古沙龙冰河湖正式被纳入冰岛瓦特纳冰川国家公园，成为受冰岛法律保护的自然景点。
野生生态
潮汐为杰古沙龙冰河湖带来了众多的鲱鱼和毛鳞鱼，也因此吸引了许多野生动物来此安家，聚居觅食。
夏季时，许多北极燕鸥会在此筑巢繁衍。北极燕鸥是攻击力极强的鸟类，它们会奋不顾身地攻击接近其鸟蛋的生物。如果在夏天到访冰河湖，一定不要走近北极燕鸥的巢穴，以防被攻击。此外贼鸥也会在此筑巢孵蛋、繁衍后代。
野生海豹则一年四季都以冰河湖为家。无论任何季节到访杰古沙龙冰河湖，游人都有机会看到海豹们在巨型浮冰之间戏水嬉闹、慵懒躺卧的可爱景象。杰古沙龙冰河湖不但为海豹们提供了丰富的食物，也成为了它们避开冰岛东南部海域的虎鲸的避风港。
瓦特纳冰川,冰岛东南部的瓦特纳冰川(Vatnajökull)是欧洲最大冰川，占冰岛国土面积的8%。
以冰川为中心，冰岛建立了瓦特纳冰川国家公园。斯卡夫塔山冰川徒步(Skaftafell)、杰古沙龙冰河湖船游(Jökulsárlón)、11月～3月的蓝冰洞探秘等最热门、最经典的户外旅行项目都在瓦特纳冰川国家公园内进行。
瓦特纳冰川简介
瓦特纳冰川广袤无垠，总面积达8100平方公里；冰盖最厚处可达1千米，平均厚度也在500米左右。在全球变暖的大潮下，瓦特纳冰川虽也在渐渐消退，但其速度却比朗格冰川(Langjökull)、米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalskjökull)缓慢许多。
冰岛最高峰、海拔2200米的华纳达尔斯赫努克火山(Hvannadalshnjúkur)即矗立于冰川之上，而冰盖之下则掩盖了格里姆火山(Grímsvötn)、Öræfajökull、巴达本加火山(Bárðarbunga)等数座冰岛最为活跃的火山。瓦特纳冰川地区火山活动频仍，许多地质学家也预测在不久的将来，冰川下的火山将再次爆发。届时，欧洲、美洲乃至世界范围的航空交通、农业生产与气候都将受到严重影响。
30余条冰舌从瓦特纳冰盖溢出，以北部的Dyngjujökull以及南部的Breiðamerkurjökull与Skeiðarárjökull为最；西部的Síðujökull、Skaftárjökull与Tungnaárjökull均为注出冰川。
瓦特纳冰川也孕育了无数河流，其中就包括数条冰岛最大的冰川河。以下是该地区的主要河流：
- Tungnaá (西部)
- Köldukvísl (西部)
- Þjórsá (西部)
- Jökulsá á Fjöllum (北部)
- Skjálfandafljót (北部)
- Jökulsá á Brú (东北部)
- Jökulsá í Fljótsdal (东北部)
- Jökulsá í Lóni (南部)
- Hornafjarðarfljót (南部)
- Jökulsá á Breiðamerkursandi (南部)
- Skeiðará (南部)
- Núpsvötn (南部)
- Hverfisfljót (南部)
- Skaftá (南部)
瓦特纳冰川国家公园
瓦特纳冰川国家公园建立于2008年，随后又有数个地区并入国家公园内。目前，公园占地14141平方公里，占冰岛国土面积的14%，也使其位列欧洲第二大国家公园。
公园北部，Herðubreið平顶火山造型独特，赋予了冰岛艺术家无限灵感；阿斯基亚(Askja)、Snæfell、Kverkfjöll等火山也都位于这一地区。
幽邃的Jökulsárgljúfur峡谷在数世纪前由冰川河切割而成。峡谷北端，磅礴汹涌的黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)奔腾咆哮，被誉为欧洲水能最丰富的瀑布；继续向北，马蹄形状的阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi，也译奥斯比吉)葱翠秀丽，在北欧传说中是主神奥丁的八蹄神马Sleipnir踏下的华丽足印。
冰川东部的Snæfell地区多湿地、山脉，野生驯鹿与众多鸟类安居于此。瓦特纳冰川南端则多陡峭山脊，冰舌一直延绵至平原低地。Skeiðarársandur沙原亦位于冰川南部，Skeiðará冰川河蜿蜒流经黝黑的荒原，勾勒出纵横交错的震撼河网。
Breiðamerkurjökull冰川旁的杰古沙龙冰河湖无疑是国家公园内的明星景点。硕大的冰块从冰川断落入浩渺的湖中，随静谧水流缓缓漂入大西洋；偶有冰块被冲刷上岸，塑造出梦幻而浪漫的钻石冰沙滩。杰古沙龙冰河湖也是冰岛最主要的海豹栖息地之一。
瓦特纳冰川的未来
瓦特纳冰川的面积已于1930年达到顶峰，此后便渐次消退。在过去的15年中，由于全球变暖、温度升高，瓦特纳冰川的厚度平均每年都会减少1米。
如果全球气温逐步升高，冰川预计将在下世纪末消逝殆尽，仅在最高峰的顶点上残余些许小面积冰盖。为保护冰川，人们正在冰川周围积极植树造林，以期降低该地区的温度。
流行文化中的瓦特纳冰川与杰古沙龙冰河湖
瓦特纳冰川的壮美吸引了世界各地的无数游客，也有多部举世闻名的电影、电视剧在此取景，如1985年的《007之雷霆杀机》、2001年的《古墓丽影》、2002年的《007之择日而亡》、2005年的《蝙蝠侠：侠影之谜》等等。《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》的北境场景也取景于此。
米湖,位处冰岛北部的米湖(Mývatn)是冰岛第四大湖泊，湖中散布着众多小岛。米湖及其周边地区以旖旎的自然风光、活跃的鸟类生活与活跃的火山地热活动而闻名遐迩，是冰岛旅行不容错过的经典景区之一。
地质奇妙、风景如画的米湖还曾在诸多热门影视剧作中现身。《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》的北境就曾于此取景。
米湖地质
米湖位处地热区，紧邻火山区，活跃的地热火山活动在这里塑造出奇妙的地质景观。著名的克拉夫拉火山(Krafla)就位于米湖旁，而Víti“地狱”火山口即居于火山中。
米湖中的小岛仿佛由天外飞星陨石撞击而成，实际上则是名为的“破火山口”或“假火山口”的地质奇观。滚热的岩浆流经水体，导致蒸汽爆炸，火山碎屑虽沉积为火山口的形状，但这些凹陷却不与任何岩浆房连通，故名“假火山口”。许多造型奇诡的玄武岩柱也从米湖地表突兀竖起，这些石柱则形成于岩浆的骤然冷却。
米湖地下涌动的地热力量也塑造出了冰岛常见的地热温泉。在米湖天然温泉，游客能够以实惠的价格体验富含矿物质的温润泉水，感受“冰岛北部蓝湖”的魅力。
米湖野生动物
虽然没有憨态可掬的海鹦，米湖仍是冰岛的最佳观鸟地点之一。喜欢海鹦的游客可以在每年夏季，即5～9月期间来冰岛旅行，在西峡湾的拉特拉尔角(Látrabjarg)、冰岛南岸的迪霍拉里岬角(Dyrhólaey)寻找这些小生物的踪迹。
米湖是世界上的最佳观鸭地点，这里生活着13余种鸭子，还有许多品种每年来此栖居。最常见的鸭种是可爱的白脸晨凫。
米湖地区植被茂盛、食物充足，因此也有多种鼠类栖居于此，而冰岛唯一的野生动物北极狐就以鼠为食。
米湖最珍奇的植被则要属球藻，也称海藻球(marimo)。这些毛茸茸、绿油油的可爱球形藻十分罕见，仅在日本、苏格兰、爱沙尼亚、澳大利亚与冰岛有所分布。
米湖周围景点
米湖本身的景色令人流连，米湖地区也集聚了众多自然胜景。黑暗城堡(Dimmuborgir)熔岩群形成于火山运动，黝黑的熔岩造型诡异骇人，神秘而暗黑的氛围油然而生。传说黑暗城堡就是冰岛十三个圣诞老人的住所。
黑暗城堡也是《权力的游戏》的取景地，另一处取景地则是Grjótagjá温泉洞，也即剧中雪诺和耶哥蕊特的定情之地。温泉的温度起伏不定，如今已经封闭，游客只能在洞穴外观赏。
Skútustadagígar假火山口与Víti火山口定会令您大开眼界，克拉夫拉火山附近以及Námaskarð地热区的蒸汽孔与地热喷泉也尽显地心深处的澎湃力量。
米湖位于一号环岛公路沿线，与“冰岛北部首都”阿克雷里(Akureyri)之间交通便利。米湖以东的黛提瀑布则是欧洲最汹涌、最高、水能最丰富的瀑布，也曾在《普罗米修斯》等电影中现身。阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi)则牵引出另一段奇妙的北欧传说；这座马蹄形的峡谷传说就是由众神之首奥丁的八蹄神马踩出的一道足迹。
黑暗城堡,黑暗城堡熔岩群(Dimmuborgir)坐落于米湖地区(Mývatn)，是冰岛北部最热门的自然景点之一；无数奇诡的民间传说在此悄然流传。
地理概况
黑暗城堡熔岩原形成于2300年前的一次火山爆发。米湖地区火山运动频仍，衍生了活跃的地热景观，其周边的Námaskarð地热区、Grjótgjá地洞温泉、克拉法拉火山(Krafla)都尽显冰岛地热运动的神奇。
火山爆发出的熔岩流经湖泊，将湖水加热至沸腾，也加速了自身的冷却；高温下蒸发的水汽将熔岩击碎，冷却完全后的熔岩便呈现出松散、多孔的形态，因此黑暗城堡地区的熔岩群多孔洞，造型更为多变、诡异。中世纪的古堡中厅室众多、塔楼高耸，难怪许多人会将黑暗城堡与之相比。
民间传说
在冰岛文化中，熔岩洞穴常被认为是传说中的巨魔的栖居地，其中最著名的一只要数半魔半妖的Grýla和她窝囊的丈夫Leppalúði。Grýla喜食儿童，养有一只巨猫，相传圣诞期间没有收到新衣服的小孩就会被她吃掉！大人们常常用这个故事来敦促孩子们完成手头的编织缝纫工作。
Grýla与Leppalúði育有十三个孩子，相传他们就住在黑暗城堡中。这十三个孩子也就是民间传说中的冰岛圣诞老人，从圣诞节前第十三天开始，他们会逐个进城捣乱搞怪；十三个老人各有把戏，他们的名字就取自他们的恶作剧。例如Stekkjastaur就是“骚扰羊群的”，Skyrgámur就是“舔skyr酸奶的”，Gluggagægir就是“从窗口偷窥的”。
冰岛的许多可怖传说其实都有着颇为实用的用途，圣诞老人的传说主要是为了禁止孩子们在严冬的晚上出门；在天气恶劣多变的冬季，许多误入荒野的孩子都会失踪。冰岛逐渐现代化后，这些传说的恐怖与教化色彩渐渐消退，圣诞老人的故事越来越成为娱乐故事。在流行文化中，冰岛的圣诞老人也偶尔与美国的圣诞老人合体，带来丰盛的圣诞礼物，与此同时冰岛依旧保持着许多自身的圣诞习俗。
此外，黑暗城堡因其诡异的气氛也常被比喻成地狱的所在；一些人就认为撒旦被逐出天堂时就坠落于此。
美剧取景地
黑暗城堡是大热美剧《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》的重要取景地之一，曼斯·雷德的野人阵营就取景于冬季的黑暗城堡。一支挪威重金属乐队也以黑暗城堡为名：Dimmu Borgir。
胡萨维克,胡萨维克(Húsavík)坐落于冰岛北部的Skjálfandi海湾内，是一座仅有2000居民的迷人小镇；胡萨维克也被誉为“欧洲观鲸之都”。
观鲸胜地
胡萨维克是冰岛乃至欧洲的最佳观鲸地点，夏季则是最热门的观鲸季节，成功率甚至可达100%。
冰岛北部的Skjálfandi海湾内生活着多种鲸鱼，最常见的是座头鲸，此外还有白吻斑纹海豚与港湾鼠海豚，更加罕见的长须鲸、蓝鲸、虎鲸、白鲸也偶有现身。这些温柔的海洋巨人身子优雅美丽，不时会摆尾喷水，向人类展现着大自然的神秘与奇妙。
在夏季的观鲸之旅中，可爱的海鹦也时常在空中飞舞；一次旅行团，可以同时体验观鲸与观海鹦的双重乐趣。
其他旅行活动
胡萨维克的北欧小镇风情也引人驻足。胡萨维克教堂(Húsavíkurkirkja)建于1907年，是少见的木制教堂；胡萨维克博物馆则展出了当地的文化与生态，其中的北极熊标本与古船展品颇为著名；探索博物馆(Exploration Museum)则以人类的地理、科学探险为主题。这座北极圈下的可爱小镇洋溢着文化教育的氛围。
胡萨维克与月球地表般的米湖景区(Mývatn)与冰岛北部首都阿克雷里(Akureyri)都相距不远，是冰岛北部的重要旅行中转站。小镇上基础设施完备，您可以在咖啡厅或餐厅中品尝冰岛本地美食，或在民俗、酒店、度假屋中住宿。不妨在午夜阳光或北极光下，沿着胡萨维克的小径自由漫步，欣赏Skjálfandi海湾的开阔风光。
小镇历史
胡萨维克的冰岛语意为“房屋的海湾”；在冰岛定居史开始前，也即公元874年前，这里便已有人定居建房。公元870年，瑞典人Garðar Svavarsson在胡萨维克度过了一个冬天；根据文献记载，他令“夜行者”Náttfari与两个奴隶定居于此、建立农场，他们在此建造起的房屋，便成为了这座海湾的名字由来。
众神瀑布,冰岛北部的众神瀑布(Goðafoss，又名神之瀑布)高12米、宽30米，坐落于冰岛第四大河流Skjálfandafljót之上，是最受游客欢迎的冰岛瀑布之一。
众神瀑布的历史
众神瀑布的冰岛语是Goðafoss，既可作“众神瀑布”解，也可作“goði瀑布”解(goði是冰岛古代的官名，意为“首领”)。其得名的原因与冰岛历史有着紧密的关联。
在移民定居年代(9世纪、10世纪)期间，绝大多数冰岛定居者(不包括奴隶在内)都来自挪威，信奉索尔(Thor)、奥丁(Odin)、洛基(Loki)、弗雷亚(Freya)等北欧神明。公元930年，冰岛建立议会、组建自由邦或称共和国后，信仰“异教”的冰岛与信仰基督教的欧洲大陆之间便产生了矛盾。
公元1000年，冰岛仍信仰北欧异教，挪威向冰岛施压。在辛格维利尔(Þingvellir)举行的议会上，冰岛首领们共商此事，将决定权委任给信仰异教(Ásatrú)的法律演讲人Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði。
相传他在桦树下坐了一天一夜，默默地向北欧的众神祈祷，让神明带领他做出正确的决定。最后，他表示为了人民的利益，冰岛将奉基督教为国教，但虔敬旧神的异教徒也可以私下保留信仰。
为宣布冰岛皈依基督教，Þorgeir回到冰岛北部的故乡，将北欧神像掷入一座美丽的瀑布，这座瀑布也因此得名“众神瀑布”。
如何前往众神瀑布
众神瀑布位于一号环岛公路沿线，是冰岛北部的热门旅游路线钻石圈中的一个景点。钻石圈还包括了米湖地区(Mývatn)、黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)、阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi)以及著名的观鲸小镇胡萨维克(Húsavík)。
米湖是一座美丽的湖泊，无数鸟类在此聚居。该地区以月球般的火山地质地貌与活跃的地热活动而闻名。黛提瀑布则是冰岛北部的另一座著名瀑布，比众神瀑布流速更快，也是整个欧洲最汹涌的瀑布。
阿斯匹吉峡谷同样和北欧神话颇有渊源。这座马蹄形的峡谷传说由众神之首奥丁的八足神驹踩踏而成。胡萨维克被誉为“欧洲观鲸之都”，是冰岛最佳观鲸地点之一，成功率高达99%。
众神瀑布与冰岛“北部首都”阿克雷里(Akureyri)之间约有45分钟车程。阿克雷里是冰岛首都大雷克雅未克地区之外人口最多的城市，也是自驾环岛游客的必经之地。城市内除了完备的超市、酒店、餐厅等基本设施外，还蕴藏了冰岛北部的独特文化，游客可以参观许多主题各异的博物馆与美术馆，以及世界上最靠近北极圈的植物园。不少冰岛北部旅行团也从阿克雷里出发。
众神瀑布一年四季都可以自驾造访，但在冬季期间，如果没有足够的雪地自驾经验，最好报名旅行团前往；即便对自驾技术与经验自信，也最好租用四驱车出游。
黛提瀑布,冰岛北部的黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)被誉为欧洲最高、最汹涌、水量最大的瀑布，是钻石圈景区的必游景点。
地理概况
黛提瀑布位于澎湃的菲约德勒姆冰河(Jökulsá á Fjöllum)之上，发源自欧洲最大冰川瓦特纳冰川(Vatnajökull)。瀑布宽100米、高45米，水声暴裂如雷鸣，平均每秒水量达193立方米，滚滚落入幽邃的Jökulsárgljúfur峡谷。
峡谷与瀑布位于冰岛最大国家公园——瓦特纳冰川国家公园的北部，均被列为自然保护区。菲约德勒姆冰河还滋养了另外两座壮观的瀑布：塞尔福斯瀑布(Selfoss)与Hafragilsfoss瀑布。
周围景点
黛提瀑布、西峡湾与斯奈山半岛都不在冰岛一号环岛公路上，但有两条路况复杂的公路连通主路与瀑布。前往黛提瀑布的最佳方式是驾驶四驱车或参加旅行团，但在冬季时，四驱车有时也无法驾驭崎岖的冰雪路况。
距离黛提瀑布最近的大型城镇是“冰岛北部首都”阿克雷里(Akureyri)。拥有超过一万居民的阿克雷里，是除首都大雷克雅未克地区外最大的城镇，也是环岛旅行者以及冰岛北部旅行者最常选择的住宿与中转地点。
胡萨维克(Húsavík)也是冰岛北部地区的一座广受游客欢迎的迷人小镇，更有着“欧洲观鲸之都”的美誉，夏季时观鲸成功率甚至可达100%。冰岛海域最常见的鲸鱼种类有座头鲸、小须鲸、白吻斑纹海豚、港湾鼠海豚等，更为珍奇的蓝鲸、长须鲸、塞鲸、剑刎鲸、领航鲸、白鲸、虎鲸也偶有现身。
钻石圈景区的另一处景点米湖地区(Mývatn)位于阿克雷里与黛提瀑布之间。米湖以活跃的鸟类、多样的植被与良好的生态而闻名；多种鸟类栖居于此，以鸭类为最。
米湖地区的地质风光也同样震撼。火山地热运动塑造了假火山口、玄武岩柱、黑暗城堡熔岩原群(Dimmuborgir)等奇诡的地质构造；传说黑暗城堡还是冰岛十三个圣诞老人的家园。
黑暗城堡与米湖都是大热美剧《权力的游戏》的取景地，黛提瀑布则在2012年的电影《普罗米修斯》中频频现身，瀑布本身的暗黑磅礴氛围与电影中的异世外星完美契合。
位于一号公路沿线的众神瀑布(Goðafoss)坐落于阿克雷里与米湖之间。众神瀑布虽然不及黛提瀑布恢弘，却独具秀美旖旎之处，也曾见证恢弘的冰岛历史。公元1000年，冰岛法律宣讲人宣布冰岛摒弃北欧众神旧教，转而皈依基督教，并将北欧神像掷入瀑布中——这便是“众神”一名的由来。
黛提瀑布以北是绝美的阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi)。这座马蹄形状的峡谷郁郁葱葱，传说是北欧众神之首奥丁的八蹄神兽的一个壮丽足印。
斯科加瀑布,位于冰岛南岸的斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)宽约25米，高约60米，是冰岛境内规模最大、最负盛名的瀑布之一。丰沛的瀑流激起无数水花，在阳光照射下常有彩虹高悬于瀑布之上，故也有“彩虹瀑布”的美誉。
发源自Skógá河的斯科加瀑布造型经典恢弘，在一号环岛公路上即可眺望到瀑布的壮丽景致，聆听到瀑布的隆隆水声。斯科加瀑流汇聚成溪，溪流中生活着大量北极红点鲑与三文鱼，夏季时常有人来此垂钓。
斯科加瀑布下的陆地十分平坦，游客可以直接行走到瀑布的宽阔水幕边，感受水花击面的快意；但游客需准备防水衣物，以防被瀑流打湿。游客也可以沿阶梯攀登至瀑布顶端，在开阔的观景平台上俯视冰岛南岸全景；阶梯陡峭，请游客量力而行。
斯科加瀑布周边景点
斯科加瀑布位于斯科加小镇(Skógar)旁，艾雅法拉冰川火山以南。游客可以在此游览几座小众博物馆。在斯科加民俗博物馆(Skógasafn)，游客可以参观古老的木屋与草顶房建筑，欣赏冰岛的传统手工艺作品。
斯科加博物馆还设有以“交通”为主题的展览馆，展示冰岛交通、通讯与科技的历史变迁；数百年间，从骑马到驾车，从书信到电子设备，冰岛以令人惊异的速度实现了现代化。
斯科加博物馆另设有咖啡厅与纪念品商店，斯科加小镇上则开设有酒店与餐厅。
冰岛著名的菲姆沃罗豪尔斯(Fimmvörðuháls)徒步路线就位于斯科加瀑布以东，这条22公里的徒步线路将带领游客沿斯科加河而行，穿梭于米尔达斯(Mýrdalsjökull)、艾雅法拉(Eyjafjallajökull)两座冰川之间，进入绝美的索斯莫克峡谷(Þórsmörk)。
斯科加瀑布的民间传说
斯科加博物馆中展出了一只金环。据民间传说记载，该地区最早的维京定居者之一Þrasi Þórólfsson曾拥有一只宝箱，金环原本就嵌于宝箱之上。公元900年，Þrasi预感大限将至，就将装满黄金的宝箱藏入斯科加瀑布后的洞穴中。
许多人都曾试图取出宝箱，而当人们抓住宝箱一侧的手环时，手环突然脱落，宝物便也永久地消失了。这只金环后被赠予当地教堂，成为教堂的门环。如今金环安静陈列在博物馆中，默默无语地诉说着千年以来的传说与历史。
塞里雅兰瀑布,塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)位于冰岛南岸，坐落于冰岛一号环岛公路旁，高约60米，造型似“水帘洞”，可穿行至瀑布后方。
便利的交通与旖旎的风光使其成为了冰岛最著名、最多游客到访的瀑布之一。塞里雅兰瀑布也是摄影师镜头下的宠儿，在许多风景大片之中都可以找到它的身影。
地理位置与周边景点
塞里雅兰瀑布由冰川融水滋养，与塞里雅兰河(Seljalandsá)均发源于埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)；冰盖下掩埋的火山曾在2010年大爆发，造成了当时欧洲航空交通瘫痪。
塞里雅兰瀑布的水帘狭长，从高耸的古老海崖上飞流直下，而这处悬崖在古时曾是冰岛海岸线的所在地，随着时间推移与地质变迁，逐步演变成如今的形貌。
塞里雅兰瀑布最显著的特色就是水幕后面有一条可以步行的通道。在夏天，游人可以沿着这条步道走到瀑布的后方，隔着水幕欣赏冰岛南岸葱郁的夏色。冬季时，由于水幕后的洞穴上方经常悬挂着冰柱，岩石也全被冰雪覆盖。出于安全考虑，这条小径通常不会开放。
如果想穿越瀑布，游人要有被水气沾湿的心理准备。瀑布后方的岩石与小径也会因水气而变得湿滑，游览时请务必小心足下。
2001年，塞里雅兰瀑布的两侧安装了灯照，让游人在没有午夜阳光照耀的冬季也可以欣赏到瀑布的胜景。
在游览塞里雅兰瀑布过后，不要忘记也去旁边的秘密瀑布(Gljúfrabúi)一游。秘密瀑布隐藏在一面巨大的岩壁后，是独具冰岛特色的惊喜小众景点。
冰岛南岸的另一大瀑布斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)也位于塞里雅兰瀑布不远处，也是游人们造访南岸必到的旅游景点。斯科加瀑布与塞里雅兰瀑布同高，虽不能像塞里雅兰瀑布一样绕行，瀑流却更宽阔，水力更磅礴，呈现出迥然不同的瀑布胜景。
设立游客中心的小风波
2017年，政府宣布准备在瀑布旁建设游客中心。根据设计，游客中心预计高7米，面积2000平方米，但这个想法遭到了这一地区土地所有人的极力反对，主要原因是游客中心的兴建会破坏瀑布的自然之美，也会对当地环境造成影响。
目前这个建筑项目仍被搁置，当地政府正在考虑减小建筑的规模，或者把建筑地点移到附近的Brekkuhorn农场。
塞里雅兰瀑布与流行文化
塞里雅兰瀑布曾出现在贾斯汀·比伯《I’ll Show You》的MV之中，但贾斯汀在音乐录影带中演示了许多破坏冰岛环境以及让自身陷入危险的不良行为，例如肆意践踏珍贵的苔藓、赤身走入杰古沙龙冰河湖等，大家到冰岛旅行时千万不要效仿。
塞里雅兰瀑布也曾被美国电视台真人秀《极速前进》(The Amazing Race)第六季设为挑战的第一站。
盖歇尔间歇泉,盖歇尔地热区(Geysir)是举世闻名的间歇泉喷发区，坐落于冰岛西南岸的Haukadalur山谷中。
辛格维利尔国家公园(Þingvellir)、黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)与盖歇尔地热区共同组成了冰岛最热门的黄金圈景区。
盖歇尔间歇泉地理特征
盖歇尔间歇泉的喷发强度曾为所有间歇泉之首，如今却鲜少喷发，而Haukadalur山谷中还分布着多座间歇泉，其中就包括最为活跃的史托克间歇泉(Strokkur)，以及规模更小的Smiður与Litli-Strokkur。
史托克间歇泉是世界最活跃的间歇泉之一，每隔5～10分钟就喷发一道沸腾的水柱，高达20～40米，场面颇为壮观。许多游客都会准备好相机，拍下史托克陡然喷发的壮丽一瞬。
盖歇尔间歇泉规模更大，但如今的喷发频率极低，间隔数年方能喷发一次；而盖歇尔常常是不喷则已，一喷惊人，水柱高度可达70余米。
盖歇尔间歇泉以北分布着许多蒸汽孔，散发的滚滚蒸汽在凉爽的冰岛空气中徐徐飘动，别是一番外星般的奇妙风光。蒸汽孔周围的土地则被硫磺等矿物漆染，大地呈现出斑斓的地热色彩交织。
山谷南部的Þykkuhverir沸泥潭则仿佛是童话故事中巫婆的大锅，如锅炉般一刻不停地冒泡。沸泥潭实际上也是蒸汽孔的一种，泥浆干涸后便成为普通蒸汽孔。
盖歇尔间歇泉周边小众景点
Kúalaug天然温泉与盖歇尔间歇泉相距2公里，温泉最多可容纳3～5人，水温在39～43°C之间。在体验温泉时，要格外注意保护该地的脆弱生态。温泉底部为土壤，因此水中混有些许泥浆；温泉底部生长有湿滑的水藻，游客需注意安全，以防跌倒。
Haukadalur山谷虽为地热区，但经过不断的植树造林，这里也生长起一片颇为茂盛的森林。Haukadalsskógur是冰岛南岸的最大森林之一，游客可以经由林中小径漫步，参观林中植被，以及为纪念林务员Gunnar Freysteinsson而修建的树木博物馆。
盖歇尔地热区的文化历史
自冰岛有人定居开始，Haukadalur山谷就一直有人居住，人们还曾在此修建教堂。冰岛11世纪的著名历史学家Ari Þorgilsson就成长于此；冰岛第一所牧师学校就建立于此。Haukadalskirkja教堂为木质教堂，其建筑风格可追溯至1842年，展现着冰岛工业化进程开始前的建筑风情。
Hotel Gullfoss酒店距盖歇尔地区约7公里；Hotel Geysir酒店则与景区仅一路之隔，景区设施齐全，设有咖啡厅以及纪念品商店。
黄金瀑布,黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)又译为居德瀑布、古佛斯瀑布，发源自冰岛西南部的Hvítá白河，是冰岛最壮丽、最著名的瀑布之一。
Hvítá白河发源自朗格冰川(Langjökull)；河流跌落32米，历经两级阶梯，最终汇入峡谷，塑造了黄金瀑布这座壮观的双层瀑布。黄金瀑布与辛格维利尔国家公园、盖歇尔间歇泉地热区共同组成了冰岛最受欢迎的旅行景区——黄金圈。
黄金瀑布分为两层，我们也可将其视为两座瀑布。第一层也即较短的一层瀑布高约11米，第二层瀑布高约21米。瀑布两侧的峡谷岩壁耸拔70余米，一线倾斜后又与开阔的Gullfossgljúfur峡谷相接。据地质学家推算，峡谷的形成历史可追溯至末次冰期的冰川洪流。
黄金瀑布夏季每秒钟的水量可达140立方米，冬季时的水量约为109立方米/秒。丰沛而湍急的水流使得瀑布气势磅礴，令每一位身临其境的游客颇感震撼。
黄金瀑布是冰岛黄金圈景区的三大景点之一，许多旅行团也从黄金瀑布集合出发，其中最受欢迎的要属在朗格冰川进行的雪地摩托与冰川隧道旅行团。
黄金瀑布的历史
正因蕴含了丰富的水能，黄金瀑布的磅礴风光才如此引人入胜。黄金瀑布的能量却也引起了外国投资者的兴趣。1907年，一位名为Howell的英国商人就曾设想在黄金瀑布建立水电站。Howell出价购买黄金瀑布，而当时黄金瀑布地段的所有者Tómas Tómasson严辞拒绝，说出了“我不会出卖我的朋友！”这句名言。于是Howell转而选择租用这片土地，以实现修建水电站的计划。
保卫瀑布的重任落在了Tómas的女儿Sigríður Tómasdóttir身上，她雇用了一位律师，努力以法律的方式捍卫瀑布的自然生态。Sigríður数次往返于官员所在的雷克雅未克与家乡黄金瀑布之间，几度徒步走过100公里的路程，与各方斡旋。为了阻止人们破坏瀑布，Sigríður甚至威胁跳入瀑布，以其生命誓死抵抗。
Sigríður的抗争终获成功。1929年，Howell撤回其租约，放弃了修建水电站的计划，黄金瀑布也得以保持其原始却美丽的自然生态。Sigríður也常被赞誉为冰岛第一位环境保护主义者，被载入冰岛史册。黄金瀑布旁的石碑上就记载了她的光辉事迹。Sigríður的律师Sveinn Björnsson也是冰岛历史中的重要人物：1944年冰岛建国后的首位总统。
黄金瀑布景区的餐饮
在黄金瀑布咖啡厅(Gullfoss Cafe)中，游客可以品尝冰岛特色美食；在黄金瀑布景区的商店中，游客也可以将冰岛特色旅行纪念品带回家。
埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖,埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)，也译作艾雅法拉冰川，是一座举世闻名的冰岛火山，2010年的火山大爆发曾一度阻断欧洲的航空交通。艾雅法拉冰川海拔1651米，是冰岛南岸的主要景点之一。
地理概况
艾雅法拉冰川的面积约为100平方公里，是冰岛的第六大冰川。冰岛第四大冰川米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)与其毗邻。与艾雅法拉冰盖一样，米尔达斯冰川下也掩藏了一座活跃的火山，名为卡特拉(Katla)。艾雅法拉火山的爆发震慑了世人，其实卡特拉火山内蕴藏的能量要远远超过艾雅法拉。
两座火山的岩浆房实则彼此连通，艾雅法拉火山的爆发也意味着，卡特拉火山亦将在本世纪内大规模爆发。
Gígjökull等多条分支冰川从艾雅法拉注出，许多河流也得到冰川融水的滋养，冰岛南岸塞里雅兰瀑布的水源就来自于艾雅法拉冰川。
艾雅法拉火山爆发
冰岛是一个火山之国。1783～1784年的拉基火山大爆发(Laki)在冰岛与世界历史上都记下了浓墨重彩的一笔，巨量火山灰从冰岛飘至欧洲大陆，甚至间接导致了法国大革命的爆发。2010年3月20日、4月15日，历史再次重演，艾雅法拉火山两度喷发，滚滚浓烟从火山口源源不断地涌出。
最危险的还不是火山岩浆，而是随之而来的能够摧毁一切的强劲冰川洪流。800人从该地区撤离，动物被挪至室内，有呼吸系统问题的居民也必须留在室内。
欧洲的航空交通因火山爆发而全面阻滞，截止4月15日晚，火山灰已抵达英国、斯堪的纳维亚与德国部分地区。欧洲旅客们的行程也被滞留了8天之久，在苏格兰与爱尔兰地区，部分航班甚至被推迟了一月之久。
火山爆发中并无人员伤亡，但冰岛南部居民的呼吸系统却受到了不同程度的影响，许多农场也被火山灰与冰川洪流摧毁。
自公元874年冰岛有人定居以来，艾雅法拉火山曾爆发了4次，分别在公元920年、1612年、1821～1823年以及2010年。19世纪的火山爆发中逸出了大量氟化物，深刻影响了当时的冰岛人与冰岛动物的骨骼构造。
今朝的艾雅法拉火山
如今冰岛南岸已经重归平静，艾雅法拉也成为了颇受欢迎的安全旅游景点。在Hvolsvöllur小镇，游客可以参观火山展览，了解Þorvaldseyri农场在火山爆发后的重建与新生。
冰岛的火山都被严密监控着，游客无需担心会在冰岛旅行时遭遇火山爆发的危险。近期内，艾雅法拉火山没有爆发的可能，但卡特拉冰川已在“蠢蠢欲动”。
迪霍拉里岬角,迪霍拉里(Dyrhólaey)位于冰岛南岸，是一座120米的狭长半岛，也是一座拱门形状的海蚀岬角。半岛上伫立着一座古老的灯塔，而每逢夏季海鹦等海鸟回归的日子，这里也会成为冰岛的观鸟胜地。
迪霍拉里意为“门山之岛”，是火山运动的产物；在与冰岛主岛连接起来之前，曾是一座离岸的独岛。古时航海的水手常把它称作“波特兰角”(Cape Portland)。
迪霍拉里标志着冰岛主陆的最南端，紧邻一号环岛公路，与冰岛最南城镇维克镇(Vík)也相距不远。
从冰岛首都雷克雅未克出发，沿冰岛南岸一路前往迪霍拉里，游客将经过几处闻名遐迩的冰岛自然景点：塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)、斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)以及埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)。
迪霍拉里拱门
迪霍拉里半岛也是一座历经海浪侵蚀的石拱，远远望去犹似拱门，因此也有“岛屿之门”的称号；站在半岛之上，游人可以俯瞰冰岛南岸的秀丽风光，将延绵无垠的黑沙滩尽收眼底。
石拱空间广阔，普通船只可以轻易穿越其空隙；1993年，一位胆大的飞行员甚至成功驾驶飞机，从石拱中穿行而过。
迪霍拉里野生生态
迪霍拉里是许多鸟类的聚居地，最常见的品种是绒鸭。著名的北极海鹦(“帕芬鸟”)也是这里的常住居民，每年夏季5月到9月之间就会来此筑巢栖居。
除迪霍拉里外，冰岛还有不少观赏海鹦的完美地点。从首都雷克雅未克市中心的旧港乘船出海，进入法赫萨湾(Faxaflói)，即可到达观赏海鹦的著名小岛。
海鹦并不害怕人类，游人可以近距离观察它们。但海鹦不喜欢被触碰，如果一只海鹦被吓跑，附近的海鹦全都会跟着离开。因此在冰岛观测海鹦时，请与其保持一定距离。
迪霍拉里周边景点
攀上迪霍拉里之顶，整片黝黑沙滩的胜景以及周围延绵起伏的山峦都将映入眼帘，大西洋的滔滔白浪不断翻滚又退却，开阔的南岸全景令人陶醉。
雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)与雷尼斯石柱群(Reynisdrangar)就位于迪霍拉里近旁，孤傲的火山岩石与大西洋海浪相互角力的画面无比震撼，请务必小心猛然翻起的巨浪，远离海边，以免发生危险。
米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)位于迪霍拉里以北，冰盖下隐藏的卡特拉火山(Katla)是冰岛最活跃的火山之一。不少专家预计火山将在近期爆发，想要游览火山的游客请务必关注火山动态，或者报名冰岛本地旅行团，以最安全保险的方式造访。
迪霍拉里的最顶端伫立着古老的迪霍拉里灯塔(Dyrhólaeyjarviti)。灯塔有着白色的塔身与红色的塔顶，从1919年开始修建，1927年竣工。每隔大约10秒钟，游人就可以看到灯塔中闪出一缕白光，照向无垠的大海。
辛格维利尔,辛格维利尔国家公园，又译辛格韦德利国家公园，是冰岛大陆上唯一被联合国教科文组织认证为世界文化遗产的地点。它和盖歇尔间歇泉、黄金瀑布，组成了著名的黄金圈旅游线路。公园南侧是冰岛最大的湖泊－辛格瓦德拉湖（Þingvallavatn）。
地理
辛格维利尔的地理地质特性在世界上独一无二。欧亚大陆板块与美洲大陆板块在此相会，且暴露在海平面之上。全世界只能在冰岛看到两大地质板块在海平面之上相会的地质奇观。
游览时，建议从美洲大陆板块一侧开始观光，在这里的信息牌上可以阅读到这个地区的更多有趣信息和历史，之后可以再走入其下的山谷。
历史
辛格维利尔在冰岛语中的意思为“议会土地”，从它的名字就不难猜出它的历史。在这里，世界上的第一个民主议会诞生－公园930年，维京人选址在此，创立了冰岛的议会。
民主议会也许和维京人喜欢战争掠杀的名声背道而驰，但当时的30多个氏族急需在恶劣的新环境中求得生存与繁荣。第一次集会的空前成功，让议会得以保留。每年，人们聚集在此，解决争端、审判罪犯、制定让所有人都能受益的法律。
冰岛联邦就此诞生，让冰岛人在成为挪威王国的选民前就获得了独立与自由。冰岛在辛格维利尔的年度议会一直延续到了1798年。
丹麦王国取消了冰岛的议会，直至1845年，冰岛的议会在雷克雅未克重生。
辛格维利尔在冰岛历史上的另一个重要角色与信仰有关，公园1000年，挪威入侵冰岛，冰岛人在辛格维利尔舍弃异教信仰、北欧众神，转而投信基督教。
冰岛的法律演讲人、议长Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði是冰岛的这场信仰危机中起到了决定性的作用，他考虑了一天一夜，才回到这里宣布了他的决定。
为了见证冰岛信仰的转变，Þorgeir将北欧众神的神像抛入北部的众神瀑布－Goðafoss，瀑布正得名于此。
丝浮拉裂缝
辛格维利尔是冰岛最受欢迎的自然景点之一，而除了上述的自然、历史原因，它还有另一大独特的景观－丝浮拉裂缝（Silfra，又译史费拉裂缝）。丝浮拉裂缝流淌着冰川水，是世界上排名前十的浮潜、潜水地。
丝浮拉在冰岛语中意为“银”，是公园内的一个水下峡谷，能见度高达100余米，温度常年保持在零上。世界各地的人们在这里穿上潜水衣，去水下享受完美的失重感，以及遨游在两大地质板块间的难得体验。
赫伦瀑布群,Hraunfossar(熔岩瀑布) ('Lava Falls' in English) in Borgarfjörður district is a series of beautiful waterfalls formed by rivulets streaming out of the Hallmundarhraun lava field. It is located in West Iceland near another waterfall called Barnafoss.
Geography and Surroundings of Hraunfossar
The lava field that Hraunfossar trickles through flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the nearby glacier of Langjökull, the second largest ice-cap in Iceland. The waterfalls pour into the Hvítá river from ledges of less porous rock in the lava.
The Hvítá river is one of the most popular rivers amongst visitors for two reasons. Firstly, it is the most easily accessible rafting river from Reykjavík, with rapids that are manageable even for total novices. Secondly, it is the river that hosts the mighty waterfall Gullfoss, one of the three sites of the popular the Golden Circle route.
Because the area around Hraunfossar used to be the site of constant eruptions, the lava fields are known for their hidden caves. The country's longest cave, Víðgelmir, can be found near the waterfall. This amazing feature is 1,595 metres long (5,200 feet), up to 15.8 metres high (52 feet) and 16.5 metres wide (54 feet).
Its geological history may be fascinating, being just a thousand years old, though its human history stirs just as much intrigue as the lava field was once home to bandits and, according to folklore it is the home of trolls.
Another major site near Hraunfossar is an incredibly short walk away, and though also a waterfall, could not be more different. Barnafoss surges down a narrow, rocky valley with ferocious power, foaming and churning quite spectacularly. According to legend, however, the force of these rapids led to tragedy.
It was said that an old stone bridge once went over the falls, and two boys at a nearby farm, bored at home, attempted to cross it to catch up with their parents at church. However, they felt dizzy due to its height, fell, and drowned.
The legend ends in two different ways, with the least interesting saying the mother in grief simply ordered the bridge destroyed. Other tales say that she cursed the bridge using an Icelandic rune so that any who crossed would meet the same fate as her sons.
In this version, the bridge and curse were later broken by an earthquake.
The story led the waterfall its name; it translates to ‘Children’s Falls’.
Settlements near Hraunfossar
The nearest settlement of significance to Hraunfossar is Reykholt.
This tiny village has a huge history, being home to the legendary writer, chieftain, lawspeaker and poet Snorri Sturluson. Without Snorri, huge amounts of Icelandic, Nordic and even British history would be unknown.
He alone at the time catalogued a history of Norwegian kings and their relations with other monarchs through the work Heimskringla, as well as the Norse mythological beliefs through Prose Edda. It is also believed that Snorri first wrote many of the sagas still read today.
Reykholt has a centre dedicated to Snorri called Snorrastofa, which discusses his fascinating life as much as his works. Working during the times of Iceland’s tumultuous civil war as a chieftain, lawspeaker and spokesman of the Norwegian king, who had ambitions to take the country, it is a story with as much politics, betrayal, blood and sexual impropriety as Game of Thrones.
Hraunfossar is also reasonably close to Borganes, another town with a long history. Here, visitors can see the Settlement Centre with its two exhibitions on Iceland’s past, one is on the first people to reach this island over a thousand years ago, and the other is on Iceland’s most famous saga, Egil’s Saga.
德尔达图赫菲温泉,Deildartunguhver is a hot spring located in Reykholtsdalur, a district of west Iceland. Deildartunguhver is the highest flowing hot spring in Europe and is widely known for its rapid flow rate of 180 litres (380 pints) per second.
Geothermal activity at Deildartunguhver
Reykholtsdalur is one of Iceland’s most popular places to see hot springs, along with the Geysir Geothermal Area, the Highlands, the Reykjanes Peninsula, Reykjadalur Valley and Námaskarð Pass. While each of these areas have their appeal, at no other does the water rise with such ferocity.
The water at Deildartunguhver hot spring emerges at a constant 97 degrees Celsius (207 degrees Fahrenheit), making it incredibly dangerous for those who venture too close. Thankfully, there are a number of wooden walkways and observation points that lead you around the hot springs without putting you at any risk.
Due to the sheer energy bubbling under Deildartunguhver, much of the water is used for heating Icelandic homes. One pipe travels 34 kilometres (21 miles) to Borgarnes, whilst another travels 64 kilometres (40 miles) to Akranes.
This means that if you’ve taken a shower or bath within a 64-kilometre radius of Deildartunguhver, you will have touched the water from the hot spring.
All Icelandic hot water comes from hot springs such as this, except in some parts of the Westfjords which are now geologically much older than the rest of the country, and thus less active.
This is a fantastic example of how Icelanders efficiently use the geothermal energy provided and is one of the major reasons as to why Iceland has such an excellent reputation for green energy.
Points of Interest at Deildartunguhver
Whilst in the area, many visitors choose to make a stop at Krauma Geothermal Bath & Spa, a fantastic and relaxing complex that makes for a cheaper, more isolated alternative to the Blue Lagoon.
Visitors to Kraua will experience the hot water of Deildartunguhver blended perfectly with glacial water from Iceland’s smallest ice cap, Ok (which rhymes with ‘talk’), creating the perfect bathing temperature.
Krauma has a total of six pools, a relaxation room and two steam baths.
Visitors to Deildartunguhver with an interest in botany will also be able to check out the Blechnum Spicant, aka; “deer fern”, a type of plant that grows nowhere else in Iceland.
Surroundings of Deildartunguhver
Deildartunguhver is located in west Iceland. The two most notable points of interest nearby are two waterfalls, Hraunfossar and Barnafoss.
Hraunfossar, or the ‘Lava Falls’, is, in fact, a series of tiny cascades that trickle through an old lava field. Barnafoss, or ‘the Children’s Falls’, is a more powerful rapid, steeped in a dark legend.
Deildartunghver is also near Víðgelmir, the longest lava cave in the country, trailing for 1,595 metres (5,200 feet) beneath the surface of the earth.
The most significant settlement near Deildartunghver is Reykholt, a beautiful village with a fascinating history. This settlement was once home to Snorri Sturluson, a historian, writer, chieftain and poet without whom we would know very little of the Nordic mythology, folklore and history at the time.
His works, and life--full of politics, betrayal, affairs and war--can be learnt about in the town at the Snorrastofa Centre.
史托克间歇泉,Strokkur is Iceland’s most visited active geyser. One of the three major attractions on the world-famous Golden Circle sightseeing route, it is usually visited alongside Gullfoss Waterfall and Þingvellir National Park.
Strokkur is found in the Geysir Geothermal Area, titled after the Great Geysir, which lent its name to all others across the world. It is the greatest active geyser on site; Geysir itself is in a period of inactivity. Strokkur erupts more regularly than Geysir ever did, blasting water to heights of around fifteen to twenty metres every five to ten minutes, although it is known to reach up to forty metres.
Strokkur and Haukadalur Valley
Strokkur is the primary feature of the Haukadalur valley and the main reason why it is one of the most visited sites in the country. While Geysir will very occasionally still erupt to enormous heights, it is nowhere near reliable enough to justify the area’s popularity.
Haukadalur valley, however, has many other features that make it worth a visit. The natural beauty of the area is shaped by the forces of the earth; fumaroles, hot-springs, mud-pits and other little geysers are littered around, and the ground itself is dyed vividly by elements such as sulfur (yellow), copper (green) and iron (red).
Opposite the main geothermal area in Haukadalur Valley is a restaurant, cafe, hotel and luxury gift shop.
Science behind Strokkur
Active geysers like Strokkur are rare around the world, due to the fact that many conditions must be met for them to form. They are thus only found in certain parts of highly geothermal areas.
The first condition that is necessary is an intense heat source; magma must be close enough to the surface of the earth for the rocks to be hot enough to boil water. Considering that Iceland is located on top of the rift valley between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, this condition is met throughout most of the county.
Secondly, you will need a source of flowing underground water. In the case of Strokkur, this comes from the second largest glacier in the country, Langjökull. Meltwater from the glacier sinks into the surrounding porous lava rock, and travels underground in all directions.
Evidence of this flowing water can be found in Þingvellir National Park, where there are many freshwater springs flowing straight from the earth.
Finally, you need a complex plumbing system that allows a geyser to erupt, rather than just steam from the ground like a fumarole. Above the intense heat source, there must be space for the flowing water to gather like a reservoir. From this basin, there must be a vent to the surface. This vent must be lined with silica so that the boiling, rising water cannot escape before the eruption.
Environmental Issues with Strokkur
One of the main reasons that Geysir entered a period of inactivity was due to the fact soap used to be pumped into the vents to make the eruptions more dramatic; it damaged the structure of the vent and prevented water building up. Strokkur, therefore, is guarded against all interference, with chains keeping visitors a good distance away.
Unfortunately, however, there have been incidents where people have meddled with its natural state. For example, an artist called Marco Evaristti once poured food colouring into it to make the eruption pink. He defended himself by claiming that nature was open to artists to utiltise and the fact the colouring was all-natural, but he became a pariah amongst many Icelanders, and was arrested and fined (though never paid it).
Almannagjá峡谷,Almannagjá is a gorge within Þingvellir National Park, which marks the edge of the North American tectonic plate. It is possible to hike through and has a beautiful waterfall within it.
Geology of Almannagjá
Almannagjá marks the boundary of the Mid-Atlantic Rift, which runs through Iceland. This rift is the space between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates.
Nowhere in the country is this remarkable feature more distinct than in Þingvellir National Park. At different points within it, it is possible to see both cliffs that mark the ends of the continents, and when driving through it, you descend one of them and ascend the other.
The movements of the tectonic plates as they slowly pull away from each other give the park many distinctive features. It is littered with ravines, many of which are filled with crystal clear spring water (the most famous of these being the snorkelling and diving site Silfra) and it is coated in lava rock.
The movement of the plates also created Almannagjá. As the North American plate pulled west, it could no longer sustain its weight, causing what used to be the edge to break free of the continent in an earthquake. This left the Almannagjá gorge between the two segment.
The gorge varies in width, but at several points can be walked through. A waterfall tumbles in one part of it, called Öxaráfoss, which can easily be reached on foot.
History of Almannagjá
Almannagjá gorge has witnessed a great deal of Icelandic history. This is because Þingvellir itself was the original site of the world’s longest-running, ongoing parliament, the Alþing.
The lawspeakers of the Alþing would stand on a rock above Almannagjá gorge to read out the laws of the day to thousands of people, who would come annually to settle debates, exchange news, represent their families and clans (in the earliest days), and battle for dominance.
斯卡加菲尔泽,Wikimedia, Creative Commons, Photo Credit: Steinib68Skagafjörður is a fjord in North Iceland. Sauðárkrókur is its largest village. Skagafjörður district is an agricultural hub and has a rich history.
Islands & Cape
There are three islands in the fjord, Drangey, Malmey and Lundey. Drangey island is the most impressive of these, steep-cliffed, shaped like a fort, and rich with birdlife. For 19 years it was the refuge for the outlaw Grettir Ásmundarsson of Grettis Saga fame.
Þórðarhöfði may resemble a traditional island when seen from afar but is actually a cape, the remnants of an old volcano. The cape has beautiful rows of columnar basalt, best seen from the sea.
Like many fjords of the north, Skagafjörður has a wealth of animals outside its birdlife. It also has resident seals, and whales and dolphins are often spotted from the shore.
History, Culture & activities
An old renovated turf farm house is to be seen at Glaumbaer museum, giving a good sense of the rural life of 18th and 19th century Iceland.
North Iceland was a bishop’s district of its own and the bishop’s seat was at Hólar in Hjaltadalur valley in the east of Skagafjörður. Hólar today features an agricultural university, and is the seat for an ordaining bishop, who is a woman.
Skagafjörður district has some of the best rafting rivers in the country, so rafting there is highly popular, as well as horseback riding.
Five of the largest battles in Icelandic history were fought on Skagafjörður in the 13th century civil war. This war was fought between dominant family clans, who could not sort out their issues at the parliament at Þingvellir.
The war was greatly exacerbated by the King of Norway at the time. He sought to include Iceland in his kingdom, and sent many vassals to stir up the chieftains and bring many into his fold.
The civil war ended when he finally got his way, ending the Icelandic Commonwealth and beginning the first of nearly seven centuries of colonial rule.
雷克雅内斯半岛,雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes，雷恰内斯半岛)位于冰岛西南岸，以熔岩原、火山地貌与活跃的地热活动而闻名。
火山地热活动
大西洋中脊横贯雷克雅内斯半岛，亚欧与北美两大地质板块亦于此交界，半岛上的火山地质运动也因此无比活跃，火山喷发与地震时常发生。熔岩原是这座半岛最具标志性的地貌。
中世纪时，雷克雅内斯半岛频发火山爆发，但近500年来却颇为平静，不过短暂休眠的火山随时都有再次活跃的可能。
地震在半岛地区仍然十分普遍。2001年，克莱瓦湖(Kleifarvatn)发生地震，湖底裂开后，湖泊面积也随之缩减了20%。克莱瓦湖下也有地热温泉在汩汩喷涌。
Gunnuhver、Krýsuvik与Svartsengi是雷克雅内斯半岛上的主要地热活动区，Gunnuhver地区以蒸汽迷离的沸泥潭与蒸汽孔而闻名，Krýsuvik地区则分布有奇妙的地热喷泉，沸泥潭中的矿物也将土壤染成斑斓的颜色。Svartsengi地区坐落着一座地热电站，地热泉水的温度高达90°C，每秒流量达475升，从中能够产生76.5兆瓦的强大电力。
颜色泛绿的火山口湖Grænavatn也是半岛上值得一游的小众景点。富含硫、硅等矿物质的蓝湖温泉也位于半岛之上。
自然与生态
雷克雅内斯半岛有着粗犷的地质地貌与淳朴的生态环境。悬崖岩壁上栖息着许多鸟类，著名的Krýsuvikurbjarg鸟崖上就生活着近8万只鸟儿。虽然没有海鹦栖居，人们仍能在这里寻觅到鸬鹚、暴风鹱等鸟类的踪影。
克莱瓦湖位于Krýsuvíkurbjarg以北。克莱瓦湖也是雷克雅内斯半岛上最大、最深的湖泊。半岛中央的Djúpavatn湖则是一处垂钓的好去处。
雷克雅内斯半岛上还是观赏到大西洋震撼海浪的完美地点。在距离Krýsuvík不远的Selvogur湾，汹涌的波涛不断凶猛地击向石礁；而在半岛西南部的Reykjanestá岬角，海洋甚至可以掀起30余米高的滔天巨浪。冰岛自然的野性风光与骇人力量有着崇高的壮美。
半岛上的主要城镇有凯夫拉维克(Keflavík)、桑德盖尔济(Sandgerði)、加尔泽(Garður)、沃加尔(Vogar)、格林达维克(Grindavík)等。凯夫拉维克、尼亚兹维克(Njarðvík)、哈布尼尔(Hafnir)、Ásbrú共同组成了雷恰内斯拜尔(Reykjanesbær)市镇，人口达16000，是冰岛第五大市镇。
凯夫拉维克国际机场
位于Miðnesheiði平原上的凯夫拉维克是冰岛国际机场Leifsstöð的所在地，或称凯夫拉维克国际机场，这是冰岛唯一一座国际机场，也是冰岛旅行的门户。
蓝湖温泉
举世闻名的蓝湖温泉位于雷克雅内斯半岛南端，是冰岛最受欢迎的旅行景点之一。许多游客会选择在到达冰岛后立即前往蓝湖温泉，在富含矿物质的蔚蓝泉水中放松身心。
米尔达斯冰原,Mýrdalsjökull is a glacier in the south of the Icelandic highlands. It is the country's fourth largest ice cap, covering nearly 600 square kilometres (232 square miles), and its highest peak is almost 1500 meters tall. It is most well-known for sitting atop the notorious and explosive volcano, Katla.
Mýrdalsjökull is visible from Route 1 on the South Coast, sitting to the north of the village of Vík. It is visited on some snowmobiling, ice caving and helicopter tours, and one of its glacial outlets, Sólheimajökull, is the most popular place in the country for ice-climbing and glacier hiking.
Eruptions beneath Myrdalsjokull
Since 2010, the world has known of the volcano beneath Eyjafjallajökull; after all, it halted European air travel for over a week and stumped news readers everywhere. Few, however, are aware of the much larger volcano right beside it.
Mýrdalsjökull conceals Katla, one of the country’s most active volcanoes, having erupted, on average, once every fifty years since 930 AD. Because of the glacier above it, these eruptions tend to cause enormous ash clouds. It is these ash clouds that lead to flights being grounded, crops and livestock poisoned, and have the potential to change the world’s climate.
The last major eruption beneath Katla was in 1918, in which such huge lahar floods occurred that the southern coastline was extended five kilometres outwards. This area is also very susceptible to glacial floods, or 'jökulhlaup', during eruptions, even when the lava does not break through the surface of the ice. These are as dangerous as the lava itself, having wiped out whole Icelandic villages before.
Historically, the area was little settled for this reason.
Katla is connected to the same volcanic system as Eyjafjallajökull and usually erupts violently a few years after Eyjafjallajökull does. As the ex-president, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson said in 2010:
‘The time for Katla to erupt is coming close… it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over Europe and the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption’
So it is currently several years overdue. Katla is monitored heavily, and roads around it closed when seismic activity increases. All road closures around Iceland can be found on Road and Coastal Administration's website.
Tours on Myrdalsjokull
While there are no eruptions immediately imminent, tours continue to run onMýrdalsjökull, allowing visitors to enjoy the glacier. It is, for example, possible to snowmobile across its surface throughout the year and take ice caving tours beneath it from October to April, with departures from both Reykjavík and Vík.
Considering the ice caves under Vatnajökull glacier are usually only accessible from November to March, this provides a wider window of opportunity for travellers to Iceland outside of the depths of winter. It should be noted that the caves in Mýrdalsjökull do not have the same blue ice, however.
Tours around Myrdalsjokull
Mýrdalsjökull can be seen on all South Coast tours that reach Vík and beyond in clear weather. It can also be seen from above on helicopter tours that depart from Reykjavík.
The best perspectives of the glacier, however, can be found on the popular Fimmvörðuháls hiking trail, which goes between Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull. Part of this hike can be done in a day, or you can take the complete route from Þórsmörk to Skógar on a three-day trek
斯卡夫塔山,斯卡夫塔山是冰岛Öræfasveit地区的一个自然保护区，它曾经是一个国家公园，2008年，和杰古沙格鲁夫尔(Jökulsárgljúfur)国家公园合并为如今的瓦特那冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull National Park)。
斯卡夫塔山的自然景点
斯卡夫塔山地区的植被非常有特色，它们生长在沙地与冰川形成的特色地貌上，给整个地区带来盎然生机和独特的自然风光，游人很容易就会在这个地区内发现飞泻而下的瀑布、静谧的冰河湖、火山特色地貌和黑沙滩。这些多样化的景致也让斯卡夫塔山自然保护区成为了受摄影爱好者们欢迎的景区。
正如冰岛南岸许多地区一样斯卡夫塔山自然保护区内有着许多绝色的徒步路线，也有“冰岛徒步天堂”之称。与冰岛另一个长途徒步天堂—中央内陆高地地区不同，斯卡夫塔山景区内的徒步路线通常都只需要大半天时间就可以完成。
从斯卡夫塔山游客中心就有一条非常简单的徒步路线，让游人可以沿徒步路径通向斯瓦蒂瀑布(Svartifoss，意为黑瀑布，又译为魔鬼瀑布)、Hundafoss瀑布，以及斯卡夫塔山冰川(Svínafellsjökull)，远处是Kristinartindar山和Morsardalur山谷。
对于户外运动爱好者来说，斯卡夫塔山地区内是可以报名旅行团体验冰川徒步或者攀冰活动的最佳地点之一；如果有丰富的徒步登山经验，更可以选择报名难度高的冰岛最高峰华纳达尔斯赫努克火山(Hvannadalshnjúkur)的徒步旅行团，跟随经验丰富的徒步向导，登顶冰岛最高峰。
你也可以选择静态的活动，例如前往冰岛南岸大名顶顶的旅游景点—杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)、钻石冰沙滩(Diamond Beach)观景游玩，体验冰岛冰川静谧之美。
如何前往斯卡夫塔山
斯卡夫塔山自然保护区位于冰岛东南部一号环岛公路旁，从首都雷克雅未克(Reykjavík)出发，需要大约4小时车程才可以到达。由于冰岛一号公路南岸沿途有许多大牌景点，游人通常都会采取边玩边走的方式慢慢朝斯卡夫塔山进发，因此实际从雷克雅未克到斯卡夫塔山会比预计的4小时长出许多。
雷克雅未克与斯卡夫塔山之间有着许多著名的冰岛著名旅游景点，其中包括南岸著名两大瀑布：塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)、斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)；赫赫有名的米达冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)、埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)；广袤的Sólheimasandur黑沙滩、Skeiðarársandur黑沙滩；有着特色火山岩石的迪霍拉里(Dyrhólaey)海岬、以及本身就是冰岛代表性岩石的雷尼斯岩柱群(Reynisdrangar)。如果需要中途停歇、加油或者补充干粮，则可以选择在途径的维克镇(Vík)和教堂镇(Kirkjubæjarklaustur)内进行。
斯卡夫塔山游客中心
在斯卡夫塔山的游客中心(Skaftafell Visitor Center)，你可以找到此地区最完备的信息，以及它的历史、地理知识。你可以了解以此为出发地的各个徒步线路、观光建议、住宿选择等。
在斯卡夫塔山地区也有郊区酒店方便准备在这个地区深度游览的游客落脚，但如果希望入住这些酒店，必须提许久预定—斯卡夫塔山是非常热门的冰岛住宿地点，住宿很容易被提早订满。如果你没办法预定区内的酒店，也可以考虑预定距离保护区不远霍芬镇(赫本镇,Höfn)或者教堂镇(Kirkjubæklaustur)内的住宿。
Sólheimasandur黑沙滩,Sólheimasandur is a vast area of sand and gravel along the South Coast of Iceland, between the cliffs of the interior and the modern shoreline. It was built up by immense glacier bursts sweeping from the mountains to the shore.
Geography of Sólheimasandur
Sólheimasandur is a glacial outwash plain, meaning when that when eruptions happen under the nearby glacier, Mýrdalsjökull, the floodwater rushes across this land for the sea.
A glacial flood, otherwise called Jökulhlaup (one of two words taken from Icelandic in the English language, the other being geyser) is perhaps the most dangerous immediate element of an Icelandic eruption. While individuals have been killed by lava flows and bombs, many more have lost their lives to the water.
For this reason, Sólheimasandur has no significant settlements, all the way from the village of Vík í Mýrdal to Kirkjubæjarklaustur. The whole area is vulnerable to glacial floods, which are still notoriously unpredictable to modern science.
This is especially the case considering that the volcano beneath Mýrdalsjökull, Katla, is Iceland’s most active volcano, which carries a reputation for violently erupting, seemingly at random.
Even if these eruptions do not break the surface of the ice, they can still cause devastating floods. In fact, these can even be more dangerous, as these eruptions are often not detected..
If Katla is showing signs of waking, then the Ring Road going south across Sólheimasandur is often closed.
In spite of its dark reputation, Sólheimasandur is a place of ethereal and haunting beauty. Entirely flat, composed of black sands, it is often compared to a lunar landscape, or else some kind fantastical desert. The views of Mýrdalsjökull, Vatnajökull, the Highlands and the South Coast are also magnificent in clear weather.
Sólheimasandur is easy to reach, laying on the Ring Road that encircles the country.
The DC-3 Plane Wreckage
Wikimedia, Creative Commons, Photo Credit: SekeriOne of the most impressive sights on Sólheimasandur is the DC-3 plane wreckage. Lying abandoned in the sand, a deteriorating skeleton, with nothing but endless black sand surrounding it, it makes an eerie destination even more ominous.
It is a US Navy plane, that was flying across the area in 1973; until recently the US had a NATO base at Keflavík, as Iceland has no armed forces of its own. It seemed to run out of fuel - although it was later discovered that the pilot had, in fact, switched to the wrong fuel tank - and had to make an emergency landing.
Thankfully, no one was killed or injured, although the plane was far too damaged to be repaired.
Because there were no deaths or injuries, there is nothing tasteless about taking photos with the plane. In fact, it a popular addition to many South Coast tours. Because the wreckage is not expected to remain there for long - considering the regular glacial floods that rush through the area - it is fine to touch it. It is not recommended that you climb on it, however, for safety reasons.
To reach the plane requires a short walk across Sólheimasandur.
惠拉盖尔济小镇,Hveragerði is a town and municipality in the southwest of Iceland. It is often nicknamed ‘the Earthquake Town’ or ‘the Hot Spring Town’, due to the active geological and geothermal forces that define it.
Hveragerdi town and services
Hveragerði is around 45 kilometres (28 miles) from the capital Reykjavík and takes half an hour to drive to along the Ring Road travelling south. Around 2,300 people live in Hveragerði, most employed in tourism, horticulture or agriculture.
There is a service centre in the town with shops, including an alcohol shop, a supermarket, a gas station, an information point, and a cafe. There are several restaurants as well, and just outside it is a popular horse farm.
Surrounding the town are nice botanical areas and many recreational activities are available. There are excellent hiking trails as well as nice hotels and a camping ground which is open in the summer months.
In terms of culture, a number of museums can be found in Hveragerði, such as the Árnesingar art museum and Hveragerði Stone and Mineral Museum. The town even hosts an annual culture and family festival in August.
Geography of Hveragerdi
Hveragerði sits on a highly geothermal area. Boiling water runs just beneath the surface of the ground, leading to many hot springs in the nearby hills. This is both a blessing for the town and a curse.
In terms of a blessing, it allows greenhouses to flourish, as they can be provided with heat throughout the year. Hveragerði is thus the world’s northernmost producer of bananas, which are grown alongside a host of other fruits and vegetables.
Many flowers and herbs are also grown here, and it is considered the centre of botany in Iceland.
The boiling water also allows food to be cooked simply by burying it for a few hours, providing the restaurants in the area with unique menus. It also brings the area a wealth of tourism.
The curse of this geothermal water is the effect it has on the residents. Stories of hot springs opening overnight in people’s kitchens, bedrooms and living rooms are very common.
Also, due to the Mid-Atlantic rift running through Iceland, many earthquakes hit Hveragerði. Fortunately, the houses are built here to withstand tremors, due to how common they are, but there is a lingering knowledge that a powerful earthquake or eruption could cause serious, perhaps irreparable damage to the settlement.
The river Varmá runs from the valley of Reykjadalur through the town. This region, which translates to the 'Steam Valley', is an incredibly popular place for hot spring bathing and hiking.
A gravel road that leads from Hveragerði takes you to the base of the hiking trail, which winds up, down and around beautiful, scenic hills dotted with fumaroles and mud pits.
It ends by a river that is fed by hot springs, meaning it is heated from the top, allowing visitors to choose the perfect place to bathe. There are no indoor changing areas, but screens to undress behind.
辛格瓦德拉湖,Þingvallavatn (anglicised to Thingvallavatn, ‘the Lake of the Fields of Parliament’) is a rift valley lake located roughly forty-minutes drive from Iceland’s capital city, Reykjavík.
Features of Thingvallavatn
Þingvallavatn is partially within the boundaries of Þingvellir National Park, Iceland’s oldest National Park and only one with UNESCO World Heritage Site status.
Covering an area of 84 square kilometres (32 square miles), Þingvallavatn is the largest natural lake in Iceland with its greatest depth measuring at 114 metres (374 feet). Þingvallavatn is situated on the Mid-Atlantic Rift, on a part of the ridge known as the Reykjanes Ridge.
The lake has only one outflow, the river Sog.
Of particular note to biologists and fishermen are the four morphs of Arctic Char that inhabit the lake. The lake’s char are an excellent example of species evolving to fit and adapt to a secluded environment; over ten thousand years, one species of Char has transformed into four different-sub branches. Other fish in the lake include the the Brown Trout and the Three-Spine Stickleback.
History and Geology
Þingvallavatn takes its name from the historical founding of the Alþingi, which occurred in 930 AD at what is now known as Þingvellir National Park. Þingvellir literally translates to ‘Fields of Parliament’.
The Alþingi was the first democratically elected representative parliament in world history (examples such as Ancient Athens were direct, not representative, democracies); Icelanders used to travel by foot or horseback simply to congregate at Þingvellir where they would hear the latest laws and judgements of the island.
Þingvellir National Park is also notable for its geology. Given its position on the Mid Atlantic Ridge, the park is one of the only places on the planet where visitors can see both the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates standing exposed from the earth.
Footpaths allow you to get up close and personal to the plates, standing right where the ancient settlers once did. In between the tectonic plates lies fields of dried volcanic rock, blanketed with a thick, yet fragile layer of Icelandic moss.
Scuba Diving in Thingvallavatn
Scuba diving around Þingvallavatn revolves around two sites, Silfra Fissure and Davíðsgjá (David’s Crack), the former being one of the most popular spots on the planet for snorkelling and underwater exploration.
Silfra Fissure is situated between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates and is filled with crystal-clear glacial water originating from the Langjökull ice cap. The water measures at between two degrees Celsius all year round, with a slight current preventing the fissure from ever freezing over.
Davíðsgjá is found within Þingvallavatn and is often considered the darker and more dramatic cousin of Silfra Fissure, resembling the gorge formation so prevalent across the Mid Atlantic Rift.
Only certain tour operators provide tours into Davíðsgjá, so make sure to do some research beforehand if you are looking to access this dive site during your time in Iceland.
斯瑞努卡基古火山,Photo from Thrihnukagigar Volcano TourÞríhnúkagígur is a dormant volcano in west Iceland, famous for its enormous magma chamber. It is the only magma chamber in the world that can be entered, and has a depth of 213 metres (699 feet).
Formation of Þríhnúkagígur
Þríhnúkagígur was a normal volcano in Iceland’s Blue Mountain range, also call Bláfjöll. However, its last eruption, almost 2,000 years ago, had some very unusual consequences.
After an eruption, the magma chamber of a volcano, now free of pressure, usually remains full of lava that cools into solid rock until the next eruption. If the magma chamber is fully emptied, the volcano will usually collapse in on itself.
To the bewilderment of scientists, however, neither of these things happened to Þríhnúkagígur.
It seems that a rift beneath the chamber drained it of all remaining lava, leaving behind an enormous chamber, that covered an area of 3,270 square metres (35,200 square feet). To give some idea of the scale of this, the Statue of Liberty could stretch her limbs within it, and it could comfortably fit Hallgrímskirkja church.
Unusually, the volcano did not collapse, and it has remained unchanged since.
Discovery and Exploration of Þríhnúkagígur
The vast magma chamber under Þríhnúkagígur would not be discovered until 1974, by an Icelandic cave explorer. Its discovery made world news, as volcanologists had not seen anything like it before, and were fighting to try to explain its existence.
In 2012, it was opened for tourism. A lift, akin to those used in mining, was installed, and visitors were now allowed to join tours plumbing its depths.
Its popularity comes not only from the uniqueness of the tour and the scale of the chamber, but the incredible colouration within it. Mineral deposits dye the walls vivid shades of red, yellow, green and blue, making the incredible space that much more ethereal.
Reaching Þríhnúkagígur requires a short but uphill hike, which can be done by any steady on their feet with a reasonable level of fitness. Tours only operate in summer.
霍芬镇,Höfn is an Icelandic fishing town of just over two thousand people in southeast Iceland. It is the most significant settlement on Route 1 between the village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur in the south and Egilsstaðir in the east.
Geography of Höfn
Höfn means ‘harbour,’ as the town is located in one of the few natural harbours of Iceland’s South Coast; unlike the rest of the country, this stretch is beachy and flat, and thus there are hardly any small coastal villages when compared to places such as the Snæfellsnes Peninsula.
The town is right at the tip of its own peninsula, which is easy to reach throughout the year. It sits at the base of Route 99, which detours off from Route 1. It is surrounded on three sides by the ocean, which has been known to freeze over in extreme conditions.
The town can also be reached by plane in good weather, as it is one of the few locations in the country with a domestic airport.
The largest glacier in Europe, Vatnajökull, which sits in a National Park of the same name, is within clear view of Höfn.
Nearby Locations to Höfn
Höfn is most often visited by those driving the full Ring Road of Iceland, as a place to stay just before or after visiting the South Coast or East Fjords.
It is also visited independently, however, by those seeking to spend enough time near the sites of southeast Iceland, most notably Vatnajökull National Park, the Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon, the Diamond Beach and Vestrahorn Mountain.
All of these sites are incredible. Vatnajökull, for example, is incredibly diverse, boasting a huge array of different sites to marvel over. In its southwestern corner, for example, it is home to the Skaftafell Nature Reserve, an oasis of unbelievable scenery, whereas to its west sits the mighty mountain Snæfell, renowned for its wildlife such as pink-footed geese and reindeer.
The Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon has recently been enveloped into the National Park, but warrants its own discussion. Out of all the sites listed, it is here where most visitors to Höfn want to spend the bulk of their time. This lagoon is, in fact, Iceland’s deepest lake, and renowned for being full of great icebergs throughout the year.
These bergs snap off of a tongue of Vatnajökull glacier, before slowly cruising through the waters towards the ocean. As they travel, they often become resting spots for some of the many seals who live in and around the lagoon.
The site is marvellous to behold, with a particular appeal for landscape photographers. Visitors, however, should not spend all their time in the lagoon. By following the channel from Jökulsárlón to the ocean, you will come onto the Diamond Beach, where these icebergs wash up on the shore and glisten against the black sands.
A final site in southeast Iceland, closer to Höfn than those previously listed, is Mount Vestrahorn. This jagged peak is ominous and dramatic, with two sharp peaks that have created the nickname ‘the Batman Mountain.’ Another favourite amongst photographers, it’s distinct silhouette and colouration make it the perfect subject regardless of the weather.
Culture at Höfn
Like many of Iceland’s small, coastal towns, Höfn has a surprising amount of culture. Its cuisine is particularly notable, with the celebration of it coming to a head at the annual Lobster Festival, held every July. This comes as little surprise, considering the town’s long history as an important fishing port.
Höfn also has several art museums where visitors can admire local handicrafts, although it should be noted, in spite of conflicting evidence on the internet, that the Höfn Glacier Museum is now closed.
雷尼斯黑沙滩,举世闻名的雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)坐落于冰岛南岸，与冰岛最南城镇维克镇(Vík)毗邻。
玄武岩黑沙滩的异世之美为冰岛特有，一望无垠的雷尼斯黑沙滩绝对是其中最美丽的一座。大西洋的滚滚白浪与黝黑火山砂石形成了梦幻般的色彩对比，于波涛中屹立的巨型玄武岩柱与神秘的黑沙滩相映成趣。早在1991年，《国家地理》就将雷尼斯黑沙滩列为世界十大最值得游览的非热带沙滩之一。
距冰岛首都雷克雅未克约180公里的雷尼斯黑沙滩，也是冰岛南岸景区最热门的景点之一。
黑沙滩位于一号环岛公路沿线，路况良好、驾驶容易，距首都约有2.5小时车程，半日之内即可往返参观，也可与南岸其他景点组合。
黑沙滩的民间传说
游览雷尼斯黑沙滩时，耸拔于大西洋惊涛之中的雷尼斯岩柱(Reynisdrangar/雷尼斯德兰格)也同样夺人目光。
根据民间传说记载，这些巨型玄武岩柱是冰岛巨魔的遗骸；黎明破晓时，欲将帆船拖入海中的巨魔遭遇阳光，化为巨石。
另一则传说却道，一个男人的妻子被两只巨魔掳掠杀害，男人追至雷尼斯黑沙滩，封印住巨魔，为这段悲剧画下结尾。
雷尼斯黑沙滩与雷尼斯岩柱还曾在现代传奇中现身：《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》第七季就曾在此取景，以求展现绝境长城以北的凛冽风光。
雷尼斯岩柱如今是海鸟们的栖息家园，北极海鹦、暴风鹱、海鸽等鸟类每年都会来此筑巢，喜爱观鸟的游客一定要到访黑沙滩。
黑沙滩周边景点
雷尼斯黑沙滩位于冰岛南岸中段，与维克镇毗邻；如果游客沿一号环岛公路自驾南岸，黑沙滩一定是旅程中不容错过的必游自然景点。经过黑沙滩，游客可以继续东行，前往杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)，或继续环岛旅行。
迪霍拉里海岬(Dyrhólaey)是另一处与雷尼斯黑沙滩紧邻的冰岛自然景点。迪霍拉里是冰岛观鸟的最佳地点之一，海鸟的数目与种类都让黑沙滩地区难以望其项背。每年5～8月，迪霍拉里也是冰岛观海鹦的最佳地点。
从首都雷克雅未克前往雷尼斯黑沙滩，游客将途径塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)、斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)、艾雅法拉冰川火山(Eyjafjallajökull)、米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)等自然景点；从黑沙滩继续前行，游客将进入瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)，到访斯卡夫塔山自然保护区(Skaftafell)、冰河湖、钻石冰沙滩等闻名遐迩的自然胜景。
游览黑沙滩的潜在危险与注意事项
游览雷尼斯黑沙滩时，游客需务必注意自身安全，以防发生意外与危险。大西洋的波涛凶悍强劲，浪高且急，极易将靠近海浪的游客卷入寒冷的海中。
雷尼斯黑沙滩与南极洲一线贯通，中间没有任何陆块，海浪得以积聚数千公里的能量；无论天气是平和还是狂暴，黑沙滩海域时刻都会产生这种突如其来的大浪，将一切沙滩上的人与物恣意卷入海洋。
游客必须远离海浪，与海洋至少保持30公里的距离。
雷克霍特,Reykholt is a tiny village in west Iceland, which was once home to one of the world’s greatest medieval writers. Packed with history and culture, this little settlement should not be overlooked
Reykholt: Home of Snorri Sturluson
Reyholt’s fame comes from the fact that it was the home of the legendary writer, historian, chieftain and lawspeaker Snorri Sturluson. Though his name is not well-known outside of the Nordic world, without him we would know much less about medieval northern European history than we do today.
His two most famous works are Prose Edda and Heimskringla. The former is an account of the Old Norse Mythology, which was otherwise kept alive only by oral tradition.
It tells about how the pagans thought the world was created and how it would end, and the deities that sparked fear and awe in them, most famously Odin, Thor and Loki. Considered an epic poem akin to Homer’s Odyssey to many, it has inspired the fantasy genre perhaps more than any other work in the world.
Heimskringla is an account of Norwegian kings, told as sagas. It depicts what most historians consider to be an accurate depiction of relations across northern Europe from the 9th Century to the end of the 12th.
It is through this work, therefore, that we can learn about how the Vikings related to the kings of places such as the not-yet United Kingdom, how the jarls and clans disputed, and how they formed governments that have lasted to this day.
Though Snorri is best remembered for his works, his life was also a fascinating tale somewhat similar to that of a Game of Thrones character.
Aside from being a beloved poet and writer, he was a chieftain and later lawspeaker for Icelandic parliament, as well as a spokesperson, agent and, to some, lackey of the Norwegian king.
His influence and actions propelled Iceland’s civil war into chaos, and he met betrayal from every side, resulting in his eventual assassination. The taboo of this execution, however, meant that Snorri was remembered as a hero, rather than the divisive figure he often was.
To add to the Game of Thrones flavour, he was also notorious for infidelity, and fathering children up and down the country.
In honour of Snorri’s life and works, Reykholt is home to Snorrastofa, a centre on his contribution to medieval studies.
Reykholt and Surroundings
Even if you have little interest in Snorri, Reykholt is a beautiful town, well worth a visit. It has a wealth of geothermal activity, and one of the country's oldest structures, Snorralaug geothermal pool, can be found here.
Reykholt is also the closest settlement to the popular waterfalls of Hraunfossar and Barnafoss. The former of these, the ‘Lava Falls’, are serene and unique, while the latter, the ‘Children’s Falls’, is rapid and dramatic.
It is also close to Deildartunghver, the highest flowing hot spring in Europe.
If you're looking to stay more than a day in Reykholt or nearby, there are several hotels in the vicinity, among them the the beautifully built boarding school that functions as an Edda-hotel in the summer. There are also a wealth of cabins and bungalows to be rented here.
博尔加内斯,Photo from Wikimedia, Creative Commons, by ChensiyuanBorgarnes is a town of fewer than 2000 people, located on a peninsula at the shore of Borgarfjörður. It is a historical settlement, a cultural hub and an essential commerce centre for a large part of western Iceland.
Getting to Borgarnes
Borgarnes is located to the north of Reykjavík, reached by travelling Route 1, otherwise known as the Ring Road which encircles the country. This journey takes you through a six-kilometre tunnel beneath the fjord of Hvalfjörður, and over the second longest bridge in Iceland.
If you would prefer to take the scenic route instead of the tunnel, you can make a turn on Route 47 to enjoy the beautiful Hvalfjörður fjord. This route is encouraged if you plan on hiking to the second tallest waterfall in Iceland, Glymur, which is nestled in the fjord.
Please note that taking the long route will double the time of the otherwise hour long trip.
If driving to the Westfjords, the Snaefellsnes Peninsula, or the north, Borgarnes serves as a great place to stop for fuel, food, drinks and a place to explore.
History and Culture at Borgarnes
Photo from Flickr by Funky TeeBorgarnes was settled in Iceland’s earliest days, over a millennium ago, and has long been occupied by fishermen; the village was not to substantially grow, however, until the 20th Century when Iceland’s infrastructure boomed, and it became an essential gateway to the country’s north and the Snaefellsnes Peninsula.
The town is now home to two museums, the Settlement Centre and, curiously, the Centre for Puppet Arts.
The Settlement Centre is the largest and most famous. It houses two exhibitions, one on the Settlement Era and another on the Saga of Egil.
The former talks about how Iceland’s settlement began in the late 9th Century, as Norwegian jarls began to unite under a king, and chiefs sought a new land where they could maintain control. En route, they took slaves, mainly women from Ireland, and the Icelandic population was formed.
They settled across the country in approximately thirty clans, before uniting in 930 to form what would later become the world’s longest running representative parliament, thus beginning the Commonwealth Era.
The exhibition is interactive and great for children and adults alike. Icelandic history is often overlooked by visitors in lieu of Iceland's incredible nature, yet is a surprisingly well-recorded story of hardship, unity, folklore and endurance against all the odds.
The exhibition on Egil’s Saga is fascinating even to those unfamiliar with Icelandic texts. Icelanders have always been storytellers, and their greatest heroes are often poets and writers rather than kings and warriors.
The sagas are amongst the first records of these stories and are still read in school today, much like Shakespeare in England. Interestingly, however, Icelandic is one of the world’s oldest languages, and the texts read similarly to modern-day works of writing.
The saga perfectly captures what life in Norway and Iceland were like from 850 to 1000 AD, over several generations, and like many Icelandic pieces of writing, shows the many contradictions of the Icelandic character, spirit and family in a way that is both stark and sympathetic.
If travelling with children, the Bjössaróló environmental playground is a great place to spend an hour or two. It was built by Björn Hjörtur Guðmundsson who spent years developing the park using salvaged materials for all the equipment.
Here you'll find slides built into the surrounding hillocks, many swings, a jungle gym, spinning top and several lookout points. There's also a castle, an old boat, seesaws and a climbing dome. It's renowned as the best playground in the country, and additionally provides an excellent view of the sea.
儿童瀑布群,Barnafoss is a rapid waterfall in West Iceland, just a short walk away from the serene Hraunfossar falls. It is best known for its dark history in folklore, and for how much it contrasts with its neighbour.
Folklore of Barnafoss
Barnafoss translates to ‘the Children’s Falls’ because of a legend long told about it. Back in Iceland’s early days, it was said that a family with two boys lived at the nearby farm of Hraunsás. The parents left home for church one morning, ordering the young ones to remain at home, but with nothing to entertain them, the children soon decided to follow.
They knew a shortcut to the church: a stone bridge, arching over the nearby rapid waterfall, that back then would have had a different name. They started to cross it, but found the heights and surging water below dizzying. In a tragic turn of events, neither boy made it across the bridge, and both fell to their deaths.
Though both parents were grief-stricken, the mother veered towards insanity. Some versions of the tale end with her demanding the bridge be torn down. Others say she turned to witchcraft, placing a rune on the bridge that made any who crossed it plummet to their deaths just like her beloved sons.
If the latter version is true, her spell was broken when an earthquake shattered the passage.
While Iceland’s tales of magic were, of course, exaggerated as they were passed down in oral tradition, it is very possible that this story is true; Barnafoss would kill whoever fell into it in all likelihood, and many Icelanders scratched runes to spread curses to their neighbours and rivals.
It is, of course, equally possible that like many Icelandic tales, it was simply created as a way to ensure that young children respected their parents, and feared the country’s unpredictable nature.
Surroundings of Barnafoss
Barnafoss is a magical site in and of itself, twisting, turning, foaming and churning as it races down a narrow valley, from which you can view it from above. It is even more fantastical, however, due to its contrast with Hraunfossar.
Rather than being a narrow rapids, Hraunfossar is a wide series of trickling waterfalls, flowing from a plateau of lava rock. Seeing the drama of one, followed by the peace of the other, is an excellent example of how Iceland’s scenery is ever-changing, and completely different spectacles can exist within mere metres of each other.
Other sites of the west near Barnafoss include the highest-flowing hot spring in Europe, Deildartunguhver, which is fascinating to admire but impossible to bathe in due to its extreme heat.
There are also the settlements of Reykholt and Borgarnes, both of which should be visited by those passionate about Icelandic history and culture. Reykholt hosts the Snorrastofa Exhibition, where you can learn about the village’s most famous resident, Snorri Sturluson. Snorri wrote many of the Icelandic texts that reveal huge amounts about Nordic kings, Norse mythology, and Icelandic folklore.
Borgarnes, meanwhile, has the Settlement Centre, where guests can learn about the brave first arrivals to this stark new home, and one of the country’s most famous sagas, Egil’s Saga.
朗格冰川, The mighty Langjökull, the ‘Long Glacier’, is the second-largest glacier in Iceland, at 935 square kilometres (361 square miles). For jeep and snowmobile trips, Langjökull is the most popular glacier in Iceland, and skiing and hiking here is possible as well. Highland tracks
Langjökull is located in the Highlands, and two main highland tracks, connecting the north and the south of Iceland, lie alongside it.
The Kaldidalur road stretches from Þingvellir National Park northwards to Húsafell. The Kjalvegur road, meanwhile lies east of Langjökull and west of Hofsjökull glacier, starting near the famous Gullfoss waterfall to the south, and passing through the beautiful Hveravellir geothermal area to the north.
The landscape of Langjokull
Langjökull is about 50 kilometres (31 miles) long and up to 20 kilometres (12 miles) wide, and the ice is around 580 metres (1,903 feet) deep at its thickest. The glacier reaches its highest point in its northernmost part, which is called Baldjökull, rising around 1,450 metres (4,757 feet) above sea level.
The glacier lies over a massif of hyaloclastite mountains. The tops of these mountains can be seen in certain places on the glacier. It also conceals at least two active volcanic systems, the calderas of which are visible from the air.
The best known of these systems fuels the geothermal area of Hveravellir, east of Baldjökull. Also in the east lies the Kjalhraun lava field, which formed about 7800 years ago.
To the northwest of the glacier is another system that produced the vast Hallmundarhraun lava field, through which the Hvítá river runs in the direction of Gullfoss waterfall. Also in the area is Iceland‘s longest lava cave, the fascinating Surtshellir.
Southwest of Langjökull is the Presthnúkur lava field, fissures of which creep under the ice. South of the glacier is the Lambahraun lava field and even further south lies the Skjaldbreiðarhraun lava field and the Skjaldbreiður shield volcano.
Compared to other regions in Iceland, the area is considered relatively calm, with only 32 eruptions in the last 10,000 years.
Into the glacier
Near the highest peaks of Langjökull exists a man-made ice tunnel, a true spectacle for any visitor passing by the glacier. Designed and constructed by geophysicist and presidential candidate Ari Trausti Guðmundsson, the tunnel exists to allow visitors to explore the inside of a glacier without having to come to Iceland in mid-winter for a chance to see the less-than-reliable ice caves.
Guests traverse beneath Langjökull's thick ice sheet, experiencing the vivid blue colouration within, and gaining an insight into the glacier's beauty, formation and processes. It is the only place in the world where this is possible. ‘Into the Glacier’ tours are often combined with adventure activities such as snowmobiling.
Nearby glaciers
The glaciers located nearest to Langjökull are Eiríksjökull, which conceals the highest mountain in west Iceland, and Þórisjökull. Hrútfellsjökull also lies on the east side of Langjökull.
Between Þórisjökull and Geitlandsjökull is a valley called Þórisdalur. Along with stunning views, it features prominently in Icelandic folk tales; the outlaw Grettir the Strong of Grettis Saga, for example, is reported to have resided here for one winter.
Langjokull and the Golden Circle
Iceland’s most popular sightseeing route, the Golden Circle, would not be possible if not for Langjökull glacier; none of its three iconic features would exist in their current state without the melting ice.
Gullfoss waterfall is the most obvious example of this. The river that feeds into it, the Hvítá, is a glacier river flowing straight from Langjökull; the scale of the ice cap is hinted at by the sheer volume of water that cascades here every second.
The hot springs at Geysir, meanwhile, are supplied with water underground. Meltwater from Langjökull feeds into the surrounding lava fields, which have very porous rock, and flows in a subterranean river to the geothermal area, where it comes bursting out of the naturally forms vents.
While Þingvellir would still have its National Park and World Heritage status without Langjökull, which it received for being the original site of what is now the longest-running representative parliament in the world, it would be notably less beautiful.
Many springs exist throughout the park, also formed by the underground meltwater of the glacier. Due to its long filtration process, the water emerges as some of the clearest naturally occurring water in the world.
Silfra fissure, therefore, is the best snorkelling and diving location in the country and consistently ranked as one of the top ten places for such activities in the world.
Global warming
Langjökull is shrinking fast and concerns have been raised about the glacier due to the effect of global warming. Some researchers fear that if climate change continues at its current rate the glacier may be gone in 150 years. Less optimistic scientists have said it could be gone in as few as 50.
哈尔格林姆斯大教堂,Hallgrímskirkja is a Lutheran church, located on top of the Skólavörðuhæð hill in the centre of Reykjavík. At 74.5 metres (245 feet) tall, it is the largest church in Iceland, and its tower offers a spectacular panoramic view over the city.
History and Design
The church was designed by one of Iceland’s most renowned architects, Guðjón Samúelsson, who is said to have sought inspiration for his expressionistic design from elements of Icelandic nature.
These include glaciers, mountains and lava formations, particularly the hexagonal basalt columns that surround the waterfall Svartifoss in Skaftafell Nature Reserve, in Vatnajökull National Park. These have influenced the architecture of many structures in Iceland, as well as a whole host of other artistic projects.
It is also designed to resemble Thor’s hammer, with the handle facing up, as a nod to Iceland’s religious history.
The church took 41 years to build, with construction starting in 1945 and finishing in 1986. The leaders of the Church of Iceland wanted a building that would tower over the Catholic Church of Landakotskirkja, also designed by Samúelsson.
The large pipe organ inside Hallgrímskirkja, consisting of over 5000 pipes, was built by German Johannes Klais of Bonn and its construction was completed in December 1992.
Outside the church stands one of the most famous statues of one of Iceland’s most legendary children, Leifur Eiríksson, by American sculptor Alexander Stirling Calder; Eiríksson was a Norse explorer from Iceland who discovered the continent of North America in the year 1000, more than half a century before Christopher Columbus.
The statue was a gift from the United States in 1930, on the millennial anniversary of Iceland’s legislative body, the Alþingi, founded in Þingvellir in 930 AD. This was the world’s first democratically elected parliament and is now located in Reykjavík.
Culture
The church’s namesake is the Icelandic priest Hallgrímur Pétursson, a 17th-century poet and author of the Passion Hymns (Passíusálmar). These hymns are a vital part of Icelandic religious tradition and a staple of local literature, having been reprinted over 75 times since their original publishing in 1666.
The tower of the church is each day visited by hundreds of spectators who seek to enjoy its sweeping view of the capital. The observation tower can be accessed via a lift. There is a small fee to ascend above the clock, which goes towards the maintenance and running of the church.
Hallgrímskirkja counts as the most iconic landmark of the city of Reykjavík and is visible throughout most of the capital, challenged only by the concert hall and conference centre Harpa. It is a useful tool for navigating as visitors wander the streets.
It also serves as a focal meeting point for several cultural events, such as the annual gathering for watching the fireworks on New Year’s Eve. On this night, thousands of people set off dozens of fireworks in an ad-hoc, somewhat chaotic, yet unbelievably dazzling show.
In the lead-up to the night many shops sell protective goggles that are recommended for all observers, particularly children, due to a few incidents of debris falling from poorly aimed fireworks.
Skútustaðagígar伪火山口,Photo from Lofthellir Cave Excursion from Lake MyvatnSkútustaðagígar is the name of a row of pseudo-craters in north Iceland.
Geology of Skútustaðagígar
The Skútustaðagígar Craters are found in the Lake Mývatn area, which is very volcanic, being near to the Krafla volcano system. The nature of the lake itself and the volcanism of the region both led to the creation of these unusual formations.
During an eruptions, lava ran across the area of Skútustaðagígar, which at the time was swampy wetlands. The heat caused steam eruptions, which resulted in their crater-like shape.
As they were not the sources of lava, or volcanoes in themselves, they are not considered true craters.
Location of Skútustaðagígar
The Skútustaðagígar craters are surrounded by the remaining wetlands of the Lake Mývatn area. This region is a hotbed for birdwatching, with many species of duck found in the waters throughout the year.
The Lake Mývatn area has many other attractions, such as the Dimmuborgir lava fortress, the Grjótagjá hot spring cave, and the luxurious Mývatn Nature Baths.
Grjótagjá地洞温泉,Grjótagjá地洞温泉坐落于冰岛北部的米湖(Mývatn)附近，幽深的火山熔岩洞穴中隐藏着一座美丽的地热温泉。
历史
Grjótagjá地洞温泉的发现历史可以追溯至18世纪早期，因犯罪而被法律驱逐的Jón Markússon就隐居在洞穴中。冰岛历史与民间传说记载了许多“逐客”的神秘事迹；他们被议会驱逐出人类社会，而幽暗可怖的熔岩洞穴就成为了他们的最佳栖居地。
Jón Markússon的事迹鲜有流传，这座洞穴在他去世后却成了当地人泡温泉的完美场所。进入二十世纪七十年代，冰岛的剧烈火山地热活动对洞穴地质产生了巨大影响，Grjótagjá洞穴从此不再适合进入。
1975～1984年期间，克拉法拉火山(Krafla)喷发了九次，与火山系统相连的Grjótagjá温泉也随之沸腾。1984年后，温泉的温度渐渐下降，但也会陡然升高；周边区域的地表浅层还隐藏着液态岩，其地表也极不稳定。因此，慕名而来游览温泉的游客最好不要贸然踏入温泉，以免被灼伤。
洞内别有一番天地，即便不体验的温泉，也能直观感受到冰岛地质之美。Grjótagjá地洞温泉还曾吸引大热美剧《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》来此取景。第三季第四集，雪诺与耶哥蕊特的定情场景正是在这座温泉洞内拍摄的。剧组利用特效增加了一处瀑布，但洞穴的全貌也被完整呈现出来。剧组还将洞穴用作了维斯特洛大陆的特效制作。
温泉洞附近，同样位于米湖景区的黑暗城堡(Dimmuborgir)也是《权力的游戏》的取景地之一，第二季、第三季中，曼斯·雷德的野人营地就取景于该地。
图片来自Wikimedia, Creative Commons, 摄影师Petr Brož斯奈山半岛的教会山(Kirkjufell，也称“草帽山”)与冰岛南岸的雷尼斯岩柱(Reynisdrangar)也出现在了第七季中；瓦特纳冰川(Vatnajökull)、辛格维利尔国家公园(Þingvellir)也都是重要的取景地。剧组还经常使用特效技术，将冰岛的山峰与瀑布与其他国家的自然景观拼合成独一无二的场景。
如何前往Grjótagjá地洞温泉
Grjótagjá洞穴位于米湖地区，是冰岛北部钻石圈景区的一个景点，距离一号环岛公路沿线附近。如果从黑暗城堡前往洞穴，需要经过一条崎岖的岩石小径，需要一定体力才能徒步前往。如果不想徒步，可以直接开车到洞穴旁的停车场。
克拉夫拉火山,Wikimedia, Creative Commons, Photo Credit: Earthquakes KraflaKrafla is a caldera, part of a greater volcanic system of the same name, located north of Lake Mývatn in North Iceland. It is one of the country’s most explosive volcanoes, having gone off approximately 29 times since the country was first settled.
Proportions of Krafla
The crater of Krafla’s caldera is about ten kilometres (seven miles) wide, although its fissure zone extends for 90 kilometres (56 miles). The Víti crater is located in this fissure zone, famed for the green lake within it.
At its tallest, the peak of Krafla is 818 metres (2684 feet) high.
Major Eruptions at Krafla
With 29 eruptions under its belt since settlement, Krafla has long had a reputation as an unpredictable and dangerous feature. Two, however, were more significant then the rest.
The Mývatn Fires were the first of these. Continuing for five years from 1724 to 1729, the fissure erupted across much of its length, and sent lava fountains so high in the air that they could be seen all the way across the Highlands, on the South Coast.
No one was killed directly by this eruption, although considering the ash and toxic fumes, it is difficult to be certain of how many indirectly died. It did, however, destroy three farms.
The second major eruptive episode at Krafla occurred between 1975 and 1984. Nine separate eruptions occurred, limiting services, industry and tourism in the area, and dramatically changing it.
For example, the hot spring of Grjótagjá was accessible prior to the eruption, but the temperature is now incredibly volatile.
Wikimedia, Creative Commons, Photo Credit: Christian WirthUtilisation of Krafla’s Energy
Since 1977, surprisingly established during an eruptive episode, a power station has existed at Krafla, helping the north with its green energy needs. Since then, there have been further attempts to harness its incredible power potential.
The most notable of these was a survey taken in 2006 that revealed a vast amount of lava just below the surface of the earth. This led to the creation of the Icelandic Deep Drilling Project’s first well, which discovered liquid rock a mere two kilometres (just over a mile) beneath the earth’s surface.
Surroundings of Krafla
Krafla is blessed with an incredible location, meaning visits to it can be accompanied by lots of different sites. This is because it sits in the Lake Mývatn area of the north, which is renowned for its diversity.
The lake itself, or, more correctly, the lakes themselves, are beautiful and serene, with dozens of species of nesting bird, fascinating flora and a wealth of geological sites. Amongst these, the Dimmuborgir lava fortress is the most impressive.
Krafla is also relatively close to the most powerful waterfall in Europe, Dettifoss, and an incredibly verdant horseshoe-shaped canyon, Ásbyrgi.
Reykjahlið is the closest settlement to Krafla, though small and with few services. The towns of Akureyri and Husavík, however, are still relatively close, and perfect for refreshment and rest.
The former is the largest settlement outside of the Reykjavík area, whereas the latter is often called the whale-watching capital of Europe.
维克镇,维克镇(Vík)，全名为Vík í Mýdral，是冰岛主岛上最南端的小镇，距离首都雷克雅未克约186公里。
维克镇是冰岛一号环岛公路南岸沿线的著名旅游景点，无论是租车自驾还是参加冰岛本地旅行团。虽然小镇人口仅为300余人，维克镇的基础设施却十分完备，因此也是冰岛旅行中的重要旅途中转站，是休息、用餐或者住宿的绝佳去处。
维克镇附近特色
从首都雷克雅未克抵达维克镇大约需要两个半小时，沿途您将经过不少冰岛南岸的知名景点，其中包括斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)和塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)两大经典瀑布。
天气晴朗的时候，附近的埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)以及米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)也清晰可见。两座冰川下都掩藏了活跃的火山，埃亚菲亚德拉火山就曾在2010年大爆发，导致了欧洲航空交通大瘫痪。天气条件极好时，游客还有机会远眺到西人岛(Vestmannaeyjar)。
在抵达维克镇之前，您会首先抵达冰岛著名的观鸟海崖迪霍拉里(Dyrhólaey)。每年夏季5至8月的筑巢季节，海鹦就会来此筑巢栖居，迪霍拉里也将成为冰岛夏季观海鹦的最佳地点之一。
冰岛最著名旅游景点之一雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)就位于维克镇旁。雷尼斯黑沙滩被誉为全世界最美的非热带沙滩之一，以黝黑神秘的火山沙砾和熔岩地貌而闻名。
在雷尼斯沙滩，您可以找到独具冰岛特色的六棱玄武岩柱群与岩洞，大西洋中则矗立着壮丽的雷尼斯岩柱(Reynisdrangar)。有关雷尼斯岩柱的由来有许多个版本的传说，相传几只想把渔船拖上岸的巨魔因躲避不及阳光而石化，成为了如今的雷尼斯岩柱。
雷尼斯沙滩是夏天观午夜阳光、冬天观北极光的绝佳地点，但在游览沙滩时一定要注意个人安全，远离大西洋的巨浪，以防危险发生。
沿着一号公路继续东行，经过Skeiðarásandur黑沙滩，您将进入冰岛最大的国家公园——瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)。大名鼎鼎的斯卡夫塔山自然保护区(Skaftafell)以及杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)都位于国家公园内。冬季时，许多自驾游客会在游览完冰河湖后返回雷克雅未克；夏季时则有很多人选择继续向北进发，完成冰岛环岛之旅。
维克镇附近的野生生态
维克镇依傍着Reynisfjall山，与迪霍拉里海岬也很近。这一区域生活着丰富的鸟类。在小镇徒步，可以看到海鸥、暴雪鹱、海雀等鸟类，夏天更可以找到海鹦。
维克镇沿海而建，游人也有机会看到海滩上慵懒的野生海豹，甚至还有几率远看到海中的鲸鱼或者海豚。
维克镇的基础设施
维克镇是冰岛南部的主要城镇之一，基础设施完备，加油站、商店、咖啡店、超级市场、温泉泳池、不同级别的住宿选择应有尽有，镇上甚至还有羊毛工厂供游人参观。
维克镇人口很少，如果您对于食物有特别的要求、需要寻找特别的食材，维克镇的超市未必可以完全满足您的需求，最好的方法是从雷克雅未克买好所需的特别食材，带去维克镇食用。
斯瓦蒂瀑布,Svartifoss, in spite of being just 20 metres (66 feet) tall, and not particularly powerful, is one of Iceland’s most popular waterfalls. The beauty of its formation and surroundings draw thousands of guest a year, and have inspired artists for centuries.
Columns of Svartifoss
Svartifoss is best renowned for the hexagonal basalt columns that surround it and lay shattered at its base. These columns, which are very dark, lend the feature its name; Svartifoss means ‘Black Falls’.
These columns are found in other places in Iceland, such as the Gerðuberg cliffs on the Snæfellsnes Peninsula, and on Reynisfjara beach on the South Coast. At none of these locations, however, is there a cascade of foaming white water to add to the beauty and fantasy of the site.
The geology surrounding Svartifoss has inspired many artists and architects, spanning generations. To list them all would be impossible, but perhaps the most notable is Hallgrímskirkja, the largest church in Reykjavík, which took elements of Svartifoss’s columns and Thor’s hammer in its design.
The capital’s National Theatre also drew inspiration from Svartifoss, as did the artwork ‘Milestones’ on Viðey Island, by Richard Sierra.
Location of Svartifoss
Svartifoss is located in the Skaftafell Nature Reserve, a place once so beautiful it was once its own national park; since, it has become enveloped into the greater Vatnajökull National Park.
This reserve is renowned for it diverse and spectacular sceneries. It is partly forested in birch, partly covered in lava, divided by rivers and streams, and has many glacier tongues and lagoons within its boundaries.
Avid hikers, photographers and nature lovers, therefore, find Skaftafell to be an oasis of beauty.
To many, Svartifoss is its highlight. The hike from the Skaftafell Visitors’ Centre to the waterfall is just over thirty minutes, and though relatively easy, requires a reasonable level of fitness and decent hiking boots.
Sites Surrounding Svartifoss
Svartifoss, within Skaftafell, has a host of sites that compete for attention from visitors. Perhaps most notable of these is Svínafellsjökull, one of the country’s most popular ice caps for glacier hiking.
Visitors are encouraged to spend several hours following different treks in the path, to discover a whole host of unspoiled spots of incredible natural beauty.
If travelling to Skaftafell from Reykjavík, the journey is direct, going east along Route 1. The four hours it should take you is likely to extend much longer, however, as you stop off at the many sites en route. These include the marvellous waterfalls of Seljalandsfoss and Skógafoss, the glaciers Mýrdalsjökull and Eyjafjallajökull, and the cliffs of Dyrhólaey and Reynisdrangar.
Unfortunately, Svartifoss and Skaftafell are often both overlooked by travellers racing their way to the Jökulsárlón glacier lagoon and Diamond Beach, which are half an hour further along Route 1.
While these sites are majestic places, where you can see enormous icebergs cruise from a vast lake to the ocean, amongst dozens of playing seals, Svartifoss still stands up as a natural highlight next to them, and visitors should still attempt to see it.
埃伊尔斯塔济,埃伊尔斯塔济(Egilsstaðir)是冰岛东部地区的最大城镇，截至2018年的统计，当地人口为2464。埃伊尔斯塔济位于拉加尔湖(Lagarfljót)边，属Fljótsdalshérað大区。
埃伊尔斯塔济是冰岛东部交通、行政及服务的重要枢纽，沿一号环岛公路顺时针或者逆时针环岛的自驾游客，常常选择在埃伊尔斯塔济住宿中转。从城镇出发，还可以前往遥远而神秘的东部峡湾地区，以及冰岛东南部的瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)。
埃伊尔斯塔济机场及旅游信息
埃伊尔斯塔济为旅行者提供多样化的服务和设施：超市、纪念品商店、酒店、游客信息中心、餐厅、旅行团营运商，都可以在城市内找到。 此外镇上还有值得一游的历史博物馆，游客可以参观冰岛人过去居住的古老草顶房。
埃伊尔斯塔济还设有机场，游客可以乘坐冰岛国内航班，从不同的城市飞抵东部游览观光。城市也设有医疗诊所，为冰岛东部居民提供医疗服务。
埃伊尔斯塔济每年还会举办Hringrás电子音乐节、Ormsteiti小镇节以及爵士音乐节等。
埃伊尔斯塔济周边自然景点
距离埃伊尔斯塔济不远处有两个小众自然景点：Hallormsstaðaskógur森林和拉加尔湖。
Hallormsstaðaskógur森林面积约740公顷，集中了世界各地的80种余种树木。1910年时，这里只是一个面积很小的自然保护区，却以惊人的速度发展成了如今的规模。森林颇受徒步和自行车旅行者的欢迎，长达40公里的林中小径可供游人自由漫步。森林中也聚集了许多鸟类，十分适合观鸟。
拉加尔湖则流传着奇幻的传说。自14世纪以来，就屡屡游人号称曾在湖中看到过水怪的踪影。
东部峡湾地区和西峡湾一样，是冰岛最原始、最僻静的地区之一，延绵的山脉、幽深的峡湾、淳朴的渔村小镇，都将带给您独一无二的旅行体验，让您感受世界尽头的别样避世生活。东部峡湾还以海鸟、海豹、野生驯鹿、鲸鱼、海豚等活跃的野生生态而闻名。
穿过埃伊尔斯塔济后继续北行，您将抵达瓦特纳国家公园北部。杰古沙格鲁夫尔峡谷(Jökulsárgljúfur)、欧洲最汹涌的黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)等野性十足的磅礴景点都位于这一地区。
如果顺时针环岛，进入埃伊尔斯塔济前的最佳住宿地点莫过于冰岛北部的阿克雷里(Akureyri)、胡萨维克(Húsavík)以及米湖地区(Mývatn)。
如果逆时针环岛，在前往埃伊尔斯塔济前，您可以选择杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)或者斯卡夫塔山自然保护区(Skaftafell)作为住宿地点。
锡格吕菲厄泽,Siglufjörður is a town of about 1,300 people, located in North Iceland. It is the northernmost town of the mainland.
Along with its natural beauty, it is a cultural hub, with an award-winning Herring Era Museum, Folk Music Museum and the Folk Music Festival that attracts ever more travellers every year.
Economy
Siglufjörður has one of Iceland's best harbours and the fishing industry has been the mainstay of the economy for a long time. Like with the rest of Iceland, in recent years services and tourism have become increasingly essential parts of the economy.
Since the tunnels through the fjord Hedinsfjörður opened in 2010, the town has become much more easily accessible to those travelling the Ring Road of Iceland or staying in the northern town of Akureyri. Thus, there has been a large increase in visitors over the past decade.
History & Culture
Siglufjörður has an eventful history in its more recent years, seeing a quick rise in the early 20th Century from being a tiny village to becoming an established town by 1918. By the middle of the 20th century it was one of the largest settlements in Iceland.
From this period, it was the capital of herring fishing in the North Atlantic, and the town's fishing museum bears proud witness to this history. Here, you can learn all about how important the seas were to the survival of all Icelanders from settlement to modernisation.
Called the Herring Era Museum, it is one of Iceland's largest seafaring and industry museums in the country. It is split into three houses; in one, you can learn about the fishing itself and the national processing processes. In another, you can see many ships and boats from the 1950s. The salting station retains the old look of the place and on good summer days travelers may observe the salting process in action.
Finally, the old Grana factory shows how herring was transformed into meals and oil.
The Folk Music Center is another cultural centre, located where the reverend Bjarni Þorsteinsson, 'The Father of Siglufjörður', lived. Here, the the old folk songs are brought to life, and you can hear recordings of people singing quint songs, called tvisongur; chanting the epic rhymes, or rimur; playing the langspil; and singing the old Icelandic nursery rhymes.
The centre also depicts the life of reverend Bjarni.
The Folk Festival
In early July, Siglufjörður hosts it annual Folk Music Festival, including the folk music of various nations, but with a special focus on Icelandic folk music. Various events take place, including lectures and courses on music and handicraft, along with dances, concerts and parties.
Nature
Siglufjörður is located in a particularly beautiful fjord of the same name, and high and dramatic mountains tower over the town. The birdlife is varied, with some 2,000 birds of 16 to18 species usually be found in the fjord, particularly in summer.
Popular hiking trails include the passes Hólsskarð and Hestskarð, which lead to the beautiful fjord Hedinsfjörður, which may also be accessed by boat or car.
The deserted Hedinsfjörður is surrounded by steep and impressive mountains and has a beautiful valley with good trout fishing in the Héðinsfjarðarvatn lake.
The last farm here, of Hedinsfjörður, was abandoned in 1951. In the 20th Century, there were usually five inhabited farms in the fjord, as the vegetation in the region is rich and food could be obtained from land and sea. The winters were hard, however, the area saw many avalanches, and the fjord was also hard to reach, so none remain.
Northeast of Hedinsfjörður you'll find the remnants of one of the remote farms in Iceland, Hvanndalir. Hvanndalir can be reached from Hedinsfjörður, though we would only suggest this route to seasoned hikers, accompanied by professional guides, as it goes over a collapsed mountainside.
布伦迪欧斯小镇,Wikimedia, Creative Commons, Photo by DebivortBlönduós is the largest urban area of Húnaflói bay in northwest Iceland.
It has a population of around 880 people. It is a service centre for the local area and a common stop for travellers of the Ring Road.
Economy, accommodation and services
Blönduós’s main economy is acting as a serving centre, particularly for dairy products, as well as fishing, light industry and tourism. A creamery and a butchery are both operated at Blönduós, as well as a hospital and a health service.
The town has a hotel and a guesthouse, as well as summerhouses and a camping area and offers general commerce and services.
Attractions and activities
Wikimedia, Creative Commons, Photo by EmstrurBirdwatching is popular in the area, as well as horse riding tours. The nearby lakes and rivers are some of the best in the country for fishing trout and salmon.
Among these is the river Blandá, one of Iceland's longest rivers. In it is the beautiful island Hrútey, rich with vegetation and is a habitat for many bird species, such as geese.
The Yndisgarður is a nice park with a variety of beautiful plants. A small golf course is also located in the town. The town is further a good set off point when travelling in Húnaflói bay.
You might also want to check out the handicraft museum, the Sea Ice Exhibition Centre and the textile museum, the only one of its kind in Iceland. The local church, also called 'the new church', has interesting architecture, inspired by nature and made to resemble a volcanic crater.
The older church, built in 1894 is particularly notable for its beauty, built in Romanesque style from metre thick granite blocks. The ceiling is painted with a thousand stars and the church has a thousand small window panes. The altarpiece was made by Jóhannes S. Kjarval, one of Iceland's foremost painters.
凯瑞斯火山口,Kerið is a volcanic crater lake in the Grímsnes area of South Iceland. It is close to the three major sites that comprise Iceland’s world-famous Golden Circle sightseeing route and thus makes for the perfect detour for those on visiting these landmarks.
Kerid and the Golden Circle
The Golden Circle is Iceland’s most popular tourist route. Its three main highlights are Gullfoss, or the ‘Golden Waterfall’; the Haukadalur Geothermal Valley, with its many springs and geysers; and Þingvellir National Park, the only UNESCO World Heritage Site on Iceland’s mainland and the birthplace of the country’s parliament.
There are several tour operators who offer trips to the Golden Circle. Many of those define their tours from others with extra stops, and Kerið crater is the most popular of these. It is approximately 40 minutes drive from Þingvellir and Haukadalur in different directions, providing visitors with two routes by which they can return to Reykjavík.
If travelling to Kerið crater alone, please be aware that there is a small entrance fee, of 400 ISK (about two Euros, or three US dollars). This is only to help the landowners preserve and protect the crater; after all, it is on privately owned land.
Other sites you may want to detour on when travelling the Golden Circle are the Sólheimar ecovillage, the Fontana Spa in Laugarvatn, the Secret Lagoon in Flúðir, and the Friðheimar tomato and horse farm.
Geology of Kerid
Kerið is approximately three thousand years old, making it roughly half the age of most volcanic calderas found in Iceland. This is the major reason as to why Kerið’s slopes are red in colour, rather than a volcanic black; the iron deposits are, geologically speaking, fresh.
This vivid redness is part of the appeal of visiting this crater. The crimson rocks contrast dramatically with their surroundings, particularly the intense azure colour of the waters within the crater lake, and the verdant bursts of vegetation.
Kerið is approximately 55 metres (180 feet) deep, 170 metres (558 feet) wide and 270 meters (886 feet) in circumference. It is possible to take a path right to the crater’s edge, to fully encircle it, and to descend down to the pristine waters of the crater lake.
Many crater lakes can be found in nearby, a region known as Iceland's Western Volcanic Zone. The area surrounding it is of barren, stark lava fields, further illustrating the volcanism of the region.
Scientists believe that Kerið was once a cone-shaped volcano. Upon eruption, it is widely believed that the volcano depleted its magma reserve, causing the foundation to fall in upon itself and result in the formation it has today. Of course, this was two thousand years before settlement, so no one is quite certain.
At some point in the centuries following the collapse, Kerið crater filled with water. The resulting lake is between seven and fourteen metres deep, depending on the time of year and the amount of rainfall.
The reason why the lake is so vividly coloured is that of the minerals from the rocks, seeping into and dyeing the water the aquamarine colour for which it is renowned.
秘密瀑布,Gljúfrabúi (or Canyon Dweller) is a beautiful waterfall located at Hamragarðar in South Iceland, close to its better known counterpart, Seljalandsfoss waterfall. It is one of the hidden gems of the South Coast, and thus a great spot for photographers and those seeking to admire nature in peace.
Image from Regína Hrönn Ragnarsdóttir
Nature of Gljúfrabúi
The 40 metre (131 feet) high Gljúfrabúi is hidden behind a huge cliff which faces out towards Iceland’s South Coast and the Atlantic Ocean. Because of its decent ‘hiding place’, it is overlooked by most travellers, in spite of the fact that thousands of people visit Seljalandsfoss, less than a kilometre away, every day.
A stream, the Gljúfurá, runs through a cleft in the cliff, and those who wish to approach the falls must do so by wading through these waters.
After a few metres of travelling through a narrow valley, the space will open, and here, Gljúfrabúi tumbles before a great boulder, which it is possible to climb upon for some great photos. With the open sky above, mossy walls, silver mist and black lava, it is one of Iceland’s most breathtaking gems, seemingly from a fantasy story.
This is especially the case on sunny days, where rainbows curve through the water’s spray.
It is also possible to see Gljúfrabúi from above. There is a steep path that allows you to clamber up the cliff, at some points with the aid of ropes.
Both these routes are mildly challenging and have their dangers, so only attempt to reach Gljúfrabúi if you are in a decent state of health and confident on your feet. They should only be attempted when there is not ice on the ground, and in the case of the path up the cliff, when it is wet and slippery.
Surroundings of Gljúfrabúi
Gljúfrabúi is in one of the most travelled regions of Iceland, on the South Coast along the Ring Road. This means that it is very easy to reach, either alone or on a guided tour, just an hour and a half’s drive from the capital.
As mentioned, Gljúfrabúi is about ten minutes walk north Seljalandsfoss. Interestingly, this is one of the country’s most famous and photographed waterfalls, due to the fact it falls from a concave cliff which allows visitors to fully encircle the cascade.
Seljalandsfoss is taller than Gljúfrabúi at 60 metres (196 metres), with a similar waterflow. Both are fed by the meltwater of the glacier Eyjafjallajökull, the volcano beneath which caused widespread problems to air traffic across Europe when it erupted in 2010.
A much more powerful waterfall can be found just half hour’s drive or so along the Ring Road, called Skógafoss. This is a similar height to Seljalandsfoss, but up to 30 metres (98 feet) wide after a heavy rain.
Another popular site in the area is Sólheimajökull, the most popular glacial outlet in Iceland for glacier hiking. This feature is on Sólheimasandur, a vast expanse of volcanic ash that resembles a black sand desert.
Those who travelling a little further along the South Coast will reach the cliffs of Dyrhólaey, with their beautiful rock arch and resident puffins in summer, and the beach of Reynisfjara, renowned for it powerful waves and basalt sea-stacks, called Reynisdrangar.
All these sites can be visited with ease within a day.
霍夫索斯镇, Photo from 3 great reasons for visiting beautiful Hofsós. Located in the north-west, Hofsós is one of the oldest trading posts in Iceland, dating back to the 1500s. Today, it is a sleepy fishing village, though tourism is now on the rise thanks to the recent addition of a designer swimming pool.
History
In the 16th century, Hofsós seemed destined to develop into a large and prosperous town. It was built centre-north of the country, there was easy access for boats to land, the fishing was rife and, most importantly, it was a trading port for the Danish Trade Monopoly.
Given that Iceland was under Danish crown rule, this trade monopoly ensured that the then King of Denmark, Christian IV, could both pursue his mercantilist priorities and maintain overseas territories.
An old wooden warehouse, Pakkhúsið, still exists in the town dating back to this period, which ended in 1786 following the cessation of the Danish Trade Monopoly. However, Hofsós failed to develop substantially in the 20th Century, and to this day is still a fairly quiet village west of Akureyri.
Culture
A number of harbourside buildings have been converted to the Iceland Emigration Centre, a museum dedicated to the story of Icelandic emigration to North America.
During times of famine following major eruptions, particularly from the 18th Century to the beginning of the 20th, many Icelanders crossed the Atlantic in hopes for a better life. Iceland lost 16,000 residents between 1870 to 1914, all pursuing the dream of a “New Iceland”.
Further thousands left after the Second World War, many settling in the Upper Midwest of the United States. The Iceland Emigration Centre’s main exhibition is a collection of letters, photographs and displays called “New Land, New Life”, which brings this story to greater attention.
Since 2010, Hofsós has boasted an outdoor swimming pool and adjacent hot pot— Sundlaugin á Hofsósi—built fjord side and beautifully integrated into the landscape. Swimmers are privy to truly majestic views of the area. It is also called the Infinity Pool.
Boat tours are available for bird watching and sightseeing trips to the uninhabited island of Málmey.
冰岛凯夫拉维克国际机场,凯夫拉维克国际机场(Keflavík，机场代号KEF)是冰岛唯一一座国际机场，也是冰岛旅行者的必经门户。2016年，机场通行人次达七百万。
机场历史
凯夫拉维克国际机场实际上是二战历史的产物。当时的冰岛仍归丹麦所有；纳粹德国入侵丹麦后，英军考虑到冰岛占领的重要战略位置，遂决定向冰岛派兵驻军。
英军在冰岛西南部的加尔泽镇(Garður)修建了降落跑道，随后到达的美军在1942年、1943年又修建了两条军用跑道。美军在二战结束后将跑道留赠给了冰岛，而冰岛于1949年加入北约组织，1951年美国军队又重返冰岛，驻扎于凯夫拉维克地区，开始了颇具争议的协防工作。直至2006年，美国驻军才正式撤出冰岛。
美军驻军在冰岛引发了大规模抗议，其规模与1975年的女性罢工日与2008年金融危机后的厨具革命不相上下。凯夫拉维克国际机场的建设正是在美军驻军的背景下逐步开展的。
机场于1987年正式投入使用，兼管民用与军用飞行，莱夫·埃里克松航站楼(Leifur Eríksson)也同期开放。埃里克松是第一个定居在美洲大陆上的欧洲人，也象征了冰岛维京民族的探险开拓精神，与机场迎来送往的职能不谋而合。凯夫拉维克国际机场从此便成为了冰岛的对外门户。
机场概况
凯夫拉维克国际机场坐落于雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)的西北端，距离首都雷克雅未克约有45分钟车程。全天24小时都有机场大巴往返于凯夫拉维克与雷克雅未克之间。
最热门的冰岛旅游景点之一蓝湖温泉居于机场与首都之间，许多游客会选择在告别机场后首先前往温泉，在富含矿物质的蔚蓝色温泉水中放松飞行后的疲倦身心。一些机场大巴线路也会在蓝湖温泉停靠。
凯夫拉维克机场设施完备、交通便利，餐厅、酒吧、咖啡厅、银行、换汇、退税、吸烟区、免税店、租车行一应俱全。冰岛酒精饮料价格高昂，且仅在指定商店销售，入境时在免税店购买酒精饮品是游客的聪明省钱之选。
冰岛本埠的航空公司Icelandair以凯夫拉维克国际机场为基地，另外一家冰岛廉价航空WOW air已经破产，此外还有30余家国际航空公司设有分部，其中就有中国游客常常选择的北欧航空SAS、芬兰航空、荷兰皇家航空等；航班线路覆盖了90余个国家和地区。
雷尼斯岩柱群,雷尼斯岩柱群(Reynisdrangar)，又译雷尼斯德兰格，位于冰岛南岸的维克镇(Vík)旁，毗邻闻名遐迩的雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)。
雷尼斯玄武岩矗立于大西洋中，是古时海崖的遗骸。岩柱在海浪中傲然挺立，与雷尼斯山(Reynisfjall)的岩壁相对而望，独有一份神秘的野性与壮美。许多电影与美剧都曾在此取景，其中就包括大热的《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》。
游览安全事项
雷尼斯岩与雷尼斯黑沙滩是冰岛南岸的著名景点，但在游览时要格外注意旅行安全。因南极洲与黑沙滩之间没有任何能够阻挡浪潮的大型陆地，海浪自南半球即开始蓄势，因此格外强劲汹涌，十分危险。海浪强度与天气无关，即便是在风和日丽的夏季，黑沙滩地区也有可能产生令人猝不及防的凶猛大浪。
游客必须远离海洋，至少与其保持30米的距离，以防被卷入海洋，发生无可挽回的惨剧。
民间传说
雷尼斯岩柱的造型鬼斧神工，冰岛也流传着不少与岩柱有关的奇诡传说。
一则传说道，夜间几只巨魔将一艘船只拖入海中，却选错了时机，在日出天亮时被阳光变为石柱，被永久地封印在岸边。另一则传说则言，两只巨魔杀害了一位妇女，女人的丈夫在黑沙滩上将巨魔变成了石头。
雷尼斯岩生态
雷尼斯黑沙滩是观赏雷尼斯岩英姿的经典地点，而在维克镇以及雷尼斯山上，游客还可以以俯视的视角领略雷尼斯岩的震撼规模。
每年夏天，即5～8月，数以万计的海鹦还会来到雷尼斯黑沙滩地区栖居。海鹦憨态可掬的姿态惹人喜爱，游客有机会近距离观赏它们的萌姿，但一定要记得不要尝试去触摸它们，也不要打扰它们正常的栖息、破坏其栖息地。凶悍的北极燕鸥以及暴风鹱、海鸥等鸟类也会在雷尼斯黑沙滩的上空自由盘旋。
许多海洋生物也以冰岛为家，海豹、鲸鱼、海豚就有可能在大西洋的惊涛中陡然现身。
Öxarárfoss瀑布,Öxarárfoss is a waterfall situated within Þingvellir National Park in southwest Iceland.
The waterfall flows out the river Öxará, cascading in two drops over the cliffs of Almannagjá gorge, which marks the eastern boundary of the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates.
Description
The waterfall has a height of 13 metres (44 feet) and an average width of six metres (20 feet). The pool of water at the waterfall’s base is dotted with large, smooth rocks, which get especially icy in winter. The waterfall can be visited year round, but expect large crowds during the peak season of the summer.
During the depths of winter, the waterfall is entirely frozen over. Ice climbers have been known to scale it, but this should only be done with and by experts.
Surroundings and History
Öxarárfoss is one of the most popular attractions of Þingvellir Natural Park, which in turn, is one of the most popular attractions of Iceland. The National Park is one of the three famous sites of the Golden Circle along with Gullfoss waterfall and the Geyser Geothermal Area, for both geological and historical regions
The geological reason is that, as mentioned, Þingvellir lies between the tectonic plates. As they pull apart, the land is torn, and thus there are many beautiful ravines and lava fields to be found.
The most famous of these ravines is Silfra. Like the others, it is filled with crystal clear glacial water, which emerges from a spring, but unlike the others, it is possible to take snorkelling and diving tours here.
The water from the crevasses such as Silfra feed into the lake Þingvellavatn; in fact, the river Öxará, which feeds Öxarárfoss, is the only source of the lake that does not come from a spring.
The historical reason that makes Þingvellir so famous is that it was the original site of the Alþing, the Icelandic parliament founded in 930 AD. This parliament continues to exist in Reykjavík but for nine centuries flourished here.
Icelanders would meet annually to pass laws, settle disputes, and share news. It was both incredibly progressive, giving a voice to all people and granting women divorces long before many other nations were considering it, and barbaric, hosting many battles and the prosecution of dozens of witches.
It is thus featured in many sagas, and though not always mentioned in them, Öxarárfoss was a witness to this long history.
One notable piece of folklore about the waterfall was that it was said to have prophetic powers for the year ahead. At midnight on New Years Eve, it would run red with either wine or blood, with the former promising prosperity ahead, and the latter warning of war.
米湖温泉,
图片来自 众神瀑布+米湖温泉组合旅行团|阿克雷里出发，奢享温泉体验米湖温泉(Mývatn Nature Baths)位于冰岛北部的米湖景区，距离雷恰利兹小镇(Reykjahlíð)两公里左右，是冰岛最热门的地热温泉体验地之一。
米湖温泉于2004年正式营业，有冰岛北部的“蓝湖温泉”之称。米湖温泉是该地区内最大的天然地热温泉，也日渐受到游客们的欢迎；尤其是如果准备夏季造访，最好提早预定门票。
米湖温泉设施及门票价格
米湖温泉围绕一座大型潟湖而建，温泉水温常年维持在36～40摄氏度。温泉富含硫等矿物质，对改善呼吸道及皮肤问题有显著效果。
米湖温泉设有两个直接坐落于地热温泉上方的桑拿蒸汽房。蒸汽房内温度接近50摄氏度，湿度接近100％，在进入蒸汽房之前要补充充足的水分。温泉内还设有温泉池、独立的儿童戏水池及餐厅。
米湖温泉成人门票冬季期间(10月～4月)为4500冰岛克朗；夏季期间(5月～9月)5000冰岛克朗；13至15岁青年门票冬季期间(10月～4月)1800冰岛克朗；夏季期间(5月～9月)2200冰岛克朗；12岁或以下小童在有家长陪同下免费。老人、学生和伤残人士门票冬季期间(10月～4月)3000冰岛克朗；夏季期间(5月～9月)3300冰岛克朗。
*价格更新至2019年3月，一切价格以米湖官网为准米湖温泉周边旅游景点
除了米湖天然温泉之外，冰岛北部的米湖景区(Mývatn)还集聚了众多奇诡的自然风光与地质地貌。Námaskarð地热区距离温泉不远，蒸汽孔、沸泥潭等地热奇观一展冰岛北部的外星球氛围，被矿物质染得斑斓的土地也令人眼花缭乱。
黑暗城堡(Dimmuborgir)比邻而立，嶙峋交错的火山熔岩拔地而起，展现着古堡般的恢弘气势；这里也是冰岛传说中十三个圣诞老人的家。如果您是美剧《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》粉丝，或许还会发现黑暗城堡就是剧中“野人”的营地。
黑暗城堡旁还隐藏着另一处小众景点，同时也是美剧的取景地：Grjótagjá洞穴温泉。温泉因温度过高现已关闭，不供游人体验，但您仍然可以下到洞内，参观雪诺和“野人”的定情之地。
米湖本身浩渺而美丽，众多鸟类聚居于此，光是鸭子就有超过十几种。如果对植物感兴趣，记得去寻找这里举世罕见的珍奇苔藓球。
米湖景区是冰岛北部旅游路线钻石圈中的一站。除上述景点外，钻石圈还包括了黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)、阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi)和众神瀑布(Goðafoss)等壮丽的自然胜景。
拉加尔湖,拉加尔湖(Lagarfjlót)是冰岛东部的一座狭长湖泊，也有勒古里湖(Lögurinn)的别称。拉加尔湖以优美的景色、丰富的渔获与神奇的传说而闻名。
拉加尔湖的传说
只要冰岛本地人提到拉加尔湖，都一定会提起有关它的神秘传说，这则古老的故事也吸引了无数游人前往冰岛东部一探究竟。
传说深不见底的拉加尔湖中居住了一只似水蛇、似蠕虫的水怪，当地人将它称作“拉加尔弗流特蠕虫"(Lagarfljót Worm)，与苏格兰的尼斯湖水怪有着千丝万缕的联系。尼斯湖水怪发现于19世纪70年代；而早在14世纪(1345年)，拉加尔湖水怪就已然现身。
时至今日，仍有不少人发布他们在拉加尔湖拍摄到的水怪影片和照片，虽然其中有不少已被证伪——所谓的“怪兽”只不过是湖面的浮木、波纹或冰块，但仍有一些证据颇具可信度与迷惑度，人们至今也无法确定到底被拍摄到的是什么生物或物体。
随着传说的流传，拉加尔湖周边也逐渐发展出了一套以水怪为主题的文化，例如冰岛艺术家创作的水怪雕像与画作等，为游客提供了想象水怪形貌的素材。
目前能够确认的是湖内居住了鳟鱼等大量鱼类，却没有任何证据表明湖中有其他大型生物的存在。如果想在湖内垂钓，您必须购买钓鱼许可。
拉加尔湖周边景点
拉加尔湖坐落于冰岛东部最大城镇埃伊尔斯塔济(Egilsstaðir)旁。埃伊尔斯塔济是冰岛的“东部之都”，也是东部峡湾地区人口最多的城镇、东部的商业贸易中心。不少酒店与民宿就沿着拉加尔湖而建，入住的游人也得以欣赏湖泊的静谧美景。
冰岛最大的森林Hallormsstaðaskógur也位于拉加尔湖边。这片规模庞大的森林是观鸟爱好者的天堂，众多鸟类聚居于林中。
高达128米的亨吉瀑布(Hengifoss)也同样坐落于拉加尔湖附近。游人可以从拉加尔湖自驾到瀑布停车场，徒步前往这座冰岛第三高的瀑布。
冰岛首都大雷克雅維克地区,The Capital Region refers to Reykjavík and its bordering towns. It holds well over half of the country’s population, in spite of taking up less than 1% of the country’s landmass.
The towns surrounding the capital are Kópavogur, Hafnafjörður, Garðabær, Mosfellsbær, Seltjarnarnes and Kjósarhreppur. Combined with Reykjavík city itself, these municipalities account for around 220,000 people, with the capital itself containing around 124,000 people.
Although each area is its own municipality, they cooperate on issues like transport, and by doing so, keep the region well connected. Buses, for example, run between them several times a day.
Each area has its own appeal. Hafnafjörður, for example, is a hotbed of folklore and superstition, with a beautiful harbour; Seltjarnarnes, meanwhile, is best known for its abundant birdlife and lighthouse, and Mosfellsbær has beautiful nature and a fascinating literary history.
All have excellent services, places for leisure such as swimming pools and museums, and a wealth of accommodation options.
巨人半岛,Tröllaskagi is a dramatic peninsula in north Iceland, renowned for its enormous mountains and high population of Icelandic horses.
Geography of Tröllaskagi
Outside of the Highlands, Tröllaskagi has the tallest mountains in Iceland, many exceeding 1,000 metres (3281 ft) in height. The tallest here is Mount Kerling, which is over 1,500 metres (4921 ft) tall.
In spite of its elevation, the permanent glaciers on the peaks are miniscule compared to even average Icelandic ice caps.
Many valleys and bays were carved at the end of the last ice age, meaning the region is home to many rivers and waterfalls.
What to do on the Tröllaskagi Peninsula
The Tröllaskagi Peninsula lies to the west of Eyjafjorður, the fjord in which the ‘capital of the North’, Akureyri, is nestled, and to the east of Skagafjörður. In spite of its tall mountains, its lowland regions have quite a high population, due to excellent fishing and surprisingly fertile lands.
Most farms are horse-farms, and riding is a popular activity in the area. Icelandic horses are a unique breed, known for being smaller than others, but also more intelligent, curious and sturdy. They also have their own unique gait, the tölt, making them a favourite amongst equestrians.
Though only at the base of the peninsula, Akureyri is the most popular town in the area. It has a wealth of museums and galleries, excellent opportunities for whale-watching and other tours, and is close to highlights of the north such as Lake Mývatn and Goðafoss waterfall.
Besides the Capital of the North, the most popular towns on it for visitors are Hofsós and Siglufjörður.
Hofsós is most renowned for its Infinity Pool, an outdoor swimming pool with unbelievable views over the fjord and ocean. Those who have a walk along the cliffs here will also note some beautiful basalt rock formations.
Siglufjörður, meanwhile, is best known for it Herring Era Museum. This museum has won an international award, and discusses how fisheries sustained the Icelandic populous in such tough conditions before the country’s development.
Hallormsstaðaskógur森林,Wikimedia, Creative Commons, Photo Credit: Cristophe L HessHallormsstaðaskógur is Iceland's largest national forest, found in East Iceland near Egilsstaðir. The area is a famous for its pleasant hiking trails, wildlife and collection of tree species.
Development and Nature
For a largely treeless landscape, a forest in Iceland is something of an enigma. The nation was once covered in woodland, but the overuse of wood saunas by the early settlers, followed by several great volcanic eruptions, meant that for centuries, the land has been quite barren.
However, the reforestation service of Iceland has sought to change this. It cares for 53 patches of public access land, most of which are easily accessible for travellers on the Ring Road. Hallormsstaðaskógur is their largest success story, with trees covering 740 square kilometres (286 square miles).
Initial experiments in planting trees began as early as 1903, though large scale cultivation truly began in 1950. In 1905, Hallormsstaðaskógur was labelled a protected forest. Ever since then, the forest has been greatly venerated by the local population as an area of respite from the often barren, volcanic terrain of the island.
Common tree species include native dwarf birch and mountain birch, as well as over 80 different species of tree brought from 177 locations overseas.
Birds such as redpolls, goldcrests and ravens all use the forest as a sanctuary from predators, with red wings, snipes and meadow pipits joining the fray in the summer months. The area also presents opportunities for botany, as well as berry and mushroom picking. Streams running through the forest are perfectly drinkable spring water.
To Do
In June, Hallormsstaðaskógur hosts Skógardagurinn, or “Forest Day”, a weekend of accordion music, active festivities and competitions amongst the birch trees. Here, festival-goers can enjoy logging competitions, grilled lamb served by local farmers, art exhibitions and even mini-marathons (one 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) long, the other 14 kilometres (nine miles).
The Skógardagurinn celebrations are a fantastic treat for all the family and provide great insight into the culture of Iceland’s less visited regions.
There are two camping areas in Hallormsstaðaskógur: Atlavík, located in the picturesque tree cover of the inner-forest, and Höfðavík, a site providing a more luxurious standard of service for visitors.
Hallormsstaðaskógur is located near to the town of Egilsstaðir, the capital of East Iceland, and the perfect point from which to explore the region.
Víðgelmir火山岩洞,Photo from: Into the Lava | Audio Tour of Víðgelmir Lava Cave and BorgarfjörðurViðgelmir is the largest lava tube in Iceland at 1585 metres (5200 ft) long. It is located in the country’s west, and is one of the most popular destinations for lava tubing.
Geography and Geology of Viðgelmir
Viðgelmir is situated in the Borgarfjörður of west Iceland, beneath the Hallmundarhraun lava field. It was formed during a lava flow that occurred in the area in 900 AD.
Lava tubes are formed when a river of running lava cools from the outside, creating a solid shell. When the liquid lava within this flows out, a cave is left remaining.
This river must have been vast, as it left the largest cave in the country. Not only is it the longest, but also its widest, with the walls 16.5 metres (54 feet) apart at one point, and the highest, which the ceiling up to 15.8 metres (52 feet) above the ground.
As with many lava caves in Iceland, Viðgelmir has both lava stalactites, which come from the ceiling, and stalagmites, from the ground. The former were formed when lava at the top part of the cave cooled as it dripped from above, and the latter indicated where this lava landed, pooled and began to stack.
Unlike in limestone caves, these features never grow back if broken off, thus it is absolutely essential that you do not touch them or attempt to break them off. There are large fines for those who break these rules, and many of the more beautiful features are cordoned off.
Lava Caving in Viðgelmir
Viðgelmir is one of the country’s most popular lava caves, and the easiest to traverse for beginners.
Unlike lava caves such as Leiðerendi on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Viðgelmir has a paved walkway and installed lights. This means those who are less confident on their feet do not need to worry about the uneven lava or relying on their own torch.
The scale of the cave also makes walking it much less challenging, as there is no crawling, stooping or clambering needed to get through.
History of Viðgelmir
Viðgelmir is one of the many caves in Iceland that humans were known to have lived in.
Through Iceland’s medieval period, it was a common punishment for criminals to be outlawed from society. Many of these moved into caves and lived out their lives as notorious bandits.
It is very likely, considering the age of the evidence found, that this was the case in Viðgelmir. These artefacts are now kept in the National Museum of Iceland.
南岸,南岸是冰岛最为著名的旅游观光线路之一，与黄金圈不相上下。
自位于西南角的首都雷克雅未克（Reykjavik）起，南海岸线一直向东延伸至杰古沙龙冰河湖（Jökulsárlón），一路美景不断，瀑布、火山、黑沙滩、冰川点缀其间，秀丽与浩瀚之景并存。
地理、自然与野生生态
一号公路串联起的南海岸线是冰岛南部最容易到达的地区，以低地地貌为主，如牧场、海湾、沼泽、河口、黑沙滩。
表层土地之下，是一片面积庞大的熔岩地，名为Þjórsárhraun。熔岩地的边缘一直延伸至海岸线外的数百米处，成为了南岸低地与海洋之间的缓冲区，阻止了大西洋的海浪直接侵袭低地土地。这也致使南岸地区没能形成深邃的峡湾，是冰岛唯一没有峡湾的沿海地区。
一年四季，都可以在南海岸看到多种鸟类。淡水鸟通常会在沼泽地与河口附近筑巢，海鸟则聚居在悬崖和岩石之上。雷尼斯岩柱群（Reynisdrangar）、迪霍拉里（Dyrhólaey）海岬都是海鸟们的聚居地，比如每年会在五月至八月之间回到冰岛筑巢的北极海鹦（Puffin）。还有不少鸟则是一年四季在冰岛长居，如白嘴潜鸟以及各类海鸥、鸭子。
野生海豹也经常聚居在南岸沿岸，以杰古沙龙冰河湖和钻石冰沙滩（Diamond Beach）为首。在冰岛旅行，一定别忘了在观光时多留意海面，或许还会发现鲸鱼和海豚的身影。
南岸著名旅游景点
冰岛南岸以多样化的自然美景闻名，每天都有成千上万的游客到访此地区，领略冰岛的自然之美。
从冰岛首都雷克雅未克出发，沿着一号公路南下，首先会看到两座著名瀑布：塞里雅兰瀑布（Seljalandsfoss）和斯科加瀑布（Skógafoss）。在瀑布的上方，则是“恶名昭彰”的艾雅法拉火山（Eyjafjallajökull，其上是同名的埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖）。行驶途中，在天气明媚的日子，还可以看到远远矗立于海中的西人岛（Westman Islands）。
一路南行，还将看到米尔达斯冰原（Mýrdalsjökull），在其下方沉睡的则是冰岛最活跃的火山之一－卡特拉火山（Katla）。米尔达斯冰原的分支索尔黑马冰川（Sólheimajökull），则是冰岛最著名的冰川徒步地点之一。
继续前行，将到达聚居着大量海鸟的迪霍拉里海岬。即使不在海鹦繁殖的夏季造访，海岬魅力不减。一路开车至海岬之巅，可俯瞰南岸海岸线，各异的岩石、巨大的海蚀拱门映入眼帘，南岸黑沙滩与北大西洋的壮阔被尽收眼底。
著名的雷尼斯黑沙滩（Reynisfjara）与冰岛最南端的小镇维克镇（Vík）毗邻。在黑沙滩正对面的海上矗立着传说中由巨怪所变的雷尼斯岩柱群。
欣赏美景之余，在黑沙滩一定要留意危险的巨浪，不要接近海边，从而避开潜在的危机。翻开地图，会发现南极洲与雷尼斯黑沙滩之间没有任何陆地，不断加力的海浪威力可想而知。
经过维克镇之后，将抵达一片荒漠黑沙平原Skeiðarársandur，随后进入瓦特纳冰川国家公园（Vatnajökull National Park）园区。国家公园从南一直延伸至北，南侧是欧洲最大的冰川瓦特纳冰川、无数的冰舌，以及著名的杰古沙龙冰河湖。
这些壮美之景都可以通过一号公路到达，而它们还只是冰岛南岸美景的冰山一角。
值得一游的南岸景点数不胜数：广袤的Sólheimasandur黑沙滩上的DC-3飞机残骸、瓦特纳冰川国家公园的斯卡夫塔山自然保护区（Skaftafell Nature Reserve）、隐藏在塞里雅兰瀑布几百米外的秘密瀑布（Gljúfrabúi）、杰古沙龙冰河湖对岸的钻石冰沙滩，以及附近的Fjallsárlón冰河湖，都是冰岛南岸不容错过的美丽景致。
钻石冰沙滩,钻石冰沙滩位于冰岛南岸的杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)旁，是一片遍布碎冰的绝美黑沙滩，属Breiðamerkursandur冰川平原的一部分。
冰河湖内的碎冰被暗涌冲刷上岸，陈列在沙滩之上。透明的冰块和黝黑的沙滩形成了鲜明的对比，特别是在阳光明媚的日子里，冰块反射着太阳光芒，犹如钻石般闪耀，因此得名钻石冰沙滩。钻石沙滩是摄影爱好者、自然爱好者和野生生态爱好者们的天堂。许多野生海豹生活在这一地区，经常出现在岸边或冰河湖中的巨型浮冰上，因此钻石冰沙滩及周边地区也是冰岛观赏海豹的最佳地点之一。
Breiðamerkursandur冰川平原
Breiðamerkursandur冰川冲刷平原位于Hornafjörður峡湾地区。这片广袤的沙滩沿冰岛南岸延绵约18公里，从Kvíárjökull冰川脚下一直延伸到Breiðamerkurjökull冰川下的杰古沙龙冰河湖。
Kvíárjökull冰川和Breiðamerkurjökull冰川同属欧洲最大冰川——瓦特纳冰原(Vatnajökull)的分支冰舌，位于瓦特纳冰川国家公园内。
Breiðamerkursandur形成于火山运动。瓦特纳冰川的三只冰舌(Breiðamerkurjökull、Hrútárjökull、Fjallsjökull)由于火山活动而向前流动，碾碎了其下的岩石，同时推动了冰川沉积物，塑造出一片平原。
冰岛有许多形成原理类似的冰川平原。Breiðamerkurjökull冰川的末端更切入地表，塑造出如今的杰古沙龙冰河湖。这座1935年才形成的湖泊是目前冰岛最深的湖。
虽然冰河湖和钻石冰沙滩有着令人屏息的美景，但它们都是气候变化、全球变暖的产物。随着冰川不断消融，冰河湖和冰沙滩的冰将逐步消失，最终变为普通的湖泊与沙滩。
杰古沙龙冰河湖
杰古沙龙冰河湖是冰岛最热门的旅游景点之一。湖中漂浮着无数从冰川上剥离的巨型浮冰。湖泊与海洋相连，暗流不断改变着浮冰的形态与位置，冰河湖的景色因此瞬息万变。
Jökulsá河将冰河湖与大西洋连接，湖内浮冰会随着河水流动不断向大海移动，最终汇入海洋，许多碎冰还会被海浪带到冰河湖的出水口，在Breiðamerkursandur黑沙滩上陈列，这就是著名的“钻石沙滩”。
钻石冰沙滩安全须知
钻石冰沙滩不似雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)那般危险，并没有汹涌澎湃的巨浪，但在游览沙滩时仍有许多需要格外注意的安全事项。
首先要防范巨型冰川碎冰。任何时候都绝对不要攀上这些冰块，以免被冰块锋利的边缘割伤。
更危险的是，貌似平稳的浮冰暗藏危险；有人踏上冰块时，冰块很有可能因为突然的重量改变而翻转，使人落水；落水者则还有可能被湖泊暗涌拖入海中，或者因体温骤降而休克，危及生命！
为了禁止游客做出鲁莽且危害个人生命安全的行为，地方政府已经正式立例，对踏上浮冰的游客征收高额罚款。
一号环岛公路,一号环岛公路是冰岛最主要的公路干线，总长1332公里，连通了除西峡湾与斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)外的所有冰岛自然景区。
冰岛最大的两座城市：世界最北首都雷克雅未克与“北部首都”阿克雷里(Akureyri)也位于一号公路沿线。
博尔加内斯(Borgarnes)、布伦迪欧斯(Blönduós)、埃伊尔斯塔济(Egilsstaðir)、霍芬镇(Höfn)、教堂镇(Kirkjubæjarklaustur)、维克镇(Vík)、海德拉小镇(Hella)、Hvolsvöllur小镇、塞尔福斯(Selfoss)、“温泉镇”惠拉盖尔济(Hveragerði)等为游客提供住宿、餐饮的大型城镇也都位于一号公路旁。
一号环岛公路沿线景点
一号环岛公路路况良好、交通便利，引领自驾与参团的游客们前往最热门的冰岛旅游景点。绵长的公路沿冰岛南岸纵横铺展，仿佛一条金链，将塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)与斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)；米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)与艾雅法拉冰川火山(Eyjafjallajökull，又译埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖)；雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)与杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)等必游景点串联在一起。
沿一号公路深入东部峡湾地区，您还将邂逅冰岛最大森林Hallormsstaðaskógur，以及神秘的拉加尔湖(Lagarfljót)；传说一只形似尼斯湖水怪的骇人巨兽就藏匿于湖心。
冰岛北部的米湖地区(Mývatn)、众神瀑布(Goðafoss)，冰岛西部的历史文化名镇与淳朴自然风光也都令沿一号公路旅行的游人流连。
一号环岛公路的历史
一号公路竣工于1974年，是冰岛交通建设的里程碑之一；横跨Skeiðará河的冰岛最长桥梁也于同一年投入使用；1998年鲸鱼峡湾(Hvalfjörður)地下隧道建成，大大缩短了冰岛西部与北部之间的距离与交通时间。桥梁、隧道、公路共同构成了一号公路发达便捷的交通网。
长达5.8公里的鲸鱼峡湾隧道是冰岛最长的隧道，位于海平面165米以下。东南部霍芬镇附近的一号公路路段上还坐落着另一处隧道：Almannaskarð；冰岛北部的Vaðlaheiðar隧道也已于2018年12月落成，将阿克雷里与胡萨维克(Húsavík)之间的距离缩短了16公里。
冬季时节，一号环岛公路的大部分路段都继续开放通行，只有东部地区的少部分道路会因冰雪封路。冰岛天气多变，其他路段也有封路可能，游客需密切关注路况信息通知。
一号环岛公路旅行注意事项
一号公路大部分路段为双向车道，两个行车道方向相反。一些路段在上世纪四十年代的乡村公路基础上建成，驾驶者需特别注意交通标示，尤其是即将出现的急转弯、盲视转弯、盲点与单行桥等易发生交通事故的路段。
一号公路柏油路段限速90公里/时，经过城市时需减速，碎石路段限速80公里/时。
全年均可驾驶二驱车沿一号公路旅行，但冬季(10月～5月)来冰岛租车自驾，最好驾驶更适合冰雪路面的四驱车。
无论冬夏、无分路段，在冰岛自驾必须格外注意驾驶安全。如果准备停车拍照，必须将车辆停靠在安全合法的停车区域，切记不可在道路中央随意停车。
福萨图恩乡村酒店,Fossatún is a country hotel, renowned for being a centre to learn about Iceland’s troll folklore.
Nearby are Troll Waterfalls; in the cliffs next to them, the formation of a troll face can be seen amongst the rocks. For those staying at the hotel, there is a troll walk, where visitors can learn many local tales while enjoying the verdant countryside. The beautiful Skessuhorn mountain dominates the scenery, and the rushing river Grímsá is an excellent place to watch salmon jumping in summer.
钻石圈The Diamond Circle is a famed 260 kilometre (162 mile) sightseeing route in the northeast of Iceland, characterised by its sheer number of natural attractions, picturesque settlements and fantastic landscapes.
The Diamond Circle is available for those who wish to drive the route themselves, as well as those who would prefer to partake in a guided tour of the region.
It is considered the northeastern alternative to the popular Golden Circle sightseeing route, which is reached by travelling for forty minutes from Iceland’s capital, Reykjavík, and comprised of the three major sites Þingvellir National Park, Geysir Geothermal Valley and Gullfoss Waterfall.
The route’s four main attractions are Lake Mývatn, Europe’s most powerful waterfall, Dettifoss, the horseshoe-shaped canyon, Ásbyrgi and the fishing town of Húsavík, known primarily for its fantastic whale watching opportunities.
Lake Mývatn
Lake Mývatn is one of the most popular sites of the north; it is a favourite location for birdwatchers in particular, who can see dozens of species year round.
The lake area is also known for its flora, being home to rare moss balls and many wildflowers, and its geology. This takes the form of basalt pillars rising from the waters, pseudocraters surrounding them, and the lava fortress of Dimmuborgir.
Dimmuborgir is a dramatic and beautiful location, used as a setting for the Game of Thrones franchise. In folklore, it is said to be home to the thirteen Icelandic Yule Lads
Dettifoss.
Dettifoss is the most powerful waterfall in Europe, found in the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river in the Jökulsárgljúfur Canyon, which is part of the great Vatnajökull National Park. It is 40 metres (131 feet) tall and over 100 metres (328 feet) wide.
Dettifoss is one of three waterfalls in the river; Selfoss is just a little upstream, while Hafragilsfoss is downriver.
Ásbyrgi
The horseshoe shaped canyon of Ásbyrgi is so perfectly formed that one could be forgiven for thinking it has divine origins. This is, in fact, what old Icelanders used to believe; according to legend, it was created when one of the hoofs of the eight-legged horse of the god Oðin made contact with the earth.
The land within the canyon is well-forested, due to the shelter that the sheer cliffs provide.
Húsavík
Húsavík is often nicknamed ‘the whale-watching capital of Europe’, due to the wealth of life in its waters. Most tour operators boast 100 percent sighting rates on their tours throughout summer, with the most common species being humpback whales and white-beaked dolphins.
Over twenty species of cetacean, however, are found in Iceland’s waters, and there is a chance of seeing any of them, depending on the time of year, from the town. Blue whales, for example, have been seen in summer, and some rather lost Narwhals and Belugas have been seen in winter.
Other Sites
Other sites on the Diamond Circle include the likes of Goðafoss Waterfall, Æðafossar (“Eider Falls”), Hljóðaklettar (“Echo rocks” or “The Whispering Cliffs”) and Laugar swimming pool.
Do note, however, that not all tour operators travel to each of these attractions. If you are looking to visit each location individually, with nothing missed, it is recommended to drive the sightseeing route yourself.
开始时间 : 灵活.
到达冰岛凯夫拉维克国际机场后取车，请查看接机大厅屏幕， 如果接机大厅租车公司屏幕未有您车行的名称， 车行工作人员会到达机场接机大厅与您回合， 并带领您前往办理租车手续，向您解释如何在机场还车及安全驾驶等注意事项。若屏幕有显示您的车行名称， 请跟随屏幕指示前往取车。 （如果您当天取车有任何疑问，也可以直接拨打您租车订单上的租车公司电话，进行联系）
在您离开冰岛前，也是在凯夫拉维克国际机场还车。您还可以选择在首都雷克雅未克取车、还车。
冰岛境内7晚住宿 (舒适级别、品质级别两种级别可选，私人卫浴、含早餐，具体信息请阅读每日行程及住宿信息)
8天租车：大众Polo或同级别车型 (预定时可升级车型)
车险：基础碰撞险、超级碰撞险、碎石险
GPS定位导航系统
详细、实用又有趣的行程单，覆盖了行程中涉及到的冰岛自然、历史和文化
经验丰富的冰岛旅行网旅行专家帮您确认行程
税
蓝湖温泉门票（预定时可选择增加）
燃料
午餐/晚餐
建议携带
驾照
保暖衣物
游泳衣
相机
小贴士
－在预订自驾时增加特色项目，可以享有5%到10%的优惠，预订时的可选项目价格已是折后价格。别错过在冰岛旅行网预订自驾游的特色项目优惠。
自驾团可以选择以冰岛国际机场或以首都雷克雅未克市区为起点及终点。
您需要持有合法的驾驶执照，有一年以上的驾龄(驾照需办理英文公证件)。
取车需要出示信用卡进行授权担保。
在Guide to Iceland定自驾套餐，我们可以免费提供行程单送签信，作为您申请签证的辅助材料。预订后，请提供您的航班等旅行信息，大约需要7-14个工作日后，您可收到送签信。
如果您需要加急，我们需要收取一定的加急费用，您可以复制此链接到浏览器http://cn.guidetoiceland.is/book-holiday-trips/visa-letter-fast-track 完成加急费用的付款，之后把您的套餐订单号和签证信加急费用订单号一起发给我们，我们可以在收到全部信息后4-6个工作日为您完成签证信。
蓝湖温泉为冰岛热门景点，为确保服务质量而控制入场人数，旺季期间可能存在门票供不应求的情况，建议确认日期后尽快预订套餐。预订成功后，客服专员会根据您的行程设计入场时间。若已订满，则为您进行相应调整，安排同样精彩的行程。
每日行程
行程日 1 - 到达：冰岛凯夫拉维克国际机场－雷克雅未克
到达冰岛凯夫拉维克国际机场后，会有租车工作人员在机场接机大厅等待，把车交给您，并向您解释如何在机场还车及安全驾驶等注意事项。接下来您便可以驾车前往首都雷克雅未克的酒店。
如果时间尚早，您可以游览市区，利用今天剩余的时间逛逛博物馆、艺术廊、走访雷市著名的地标，在咖啡厅、餐厅坐一坐补充能量。
如果您的航班在下午4点前到达冰岛，可以选择取车后直接前往蓝湖温泉。蓝湖温泉在凯夫拉维克国际机场和首都雷克雅未克之间，这样安排最能节省宝贵的行程时间，不走回头路。如果离境日的航班时间在下午，也可以选择离境日的上午去蓝湖。如果两天都不合适，我们会合理的安排在其它日子。预定时，您还可以选择把蓝湖温泉从舒适门票(含浴巾、一杯饮品、面膜泥)升级为高级门票(舒适基础上再增加拖鞋、浴袍、蓝湖Lava餐厅定位及一杯气泡酒，且排队时间短)。
行程日 2 - 黄金圈－冰岛南岸
第二天，您将来到冰岛广为人知的黄金圈景区，这里以众多自然奇观而名声大振。
黄金圈三大站的第一站是辛格维利尔国家公园(Thingvellir National Park)，在这里您可以行走在欧洲－美洲两大板块的大西洋中脊的裂谷，享受脚踏两大洲的成就感，在史费拉裂缝(Silfra)进行浮潜，探索这个曾在冰岛历史上扮演过重要角色的地方。
下一站是Haukadalur地热小镇，该小镇以间歇泉而闻名。在这里您可以看到史托克Strokkur间歇泉和盖谢尔间歇泉。
接着，驾车向前几公里，便可到达冰岛最著名的景点－黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)，周围有一条小道可以通向瀑布边缘，站在那里，您可以最直观最真实地感受到瀑布的雄伟气势和自然的力量。
离开黄金圈后，来到备受青睐的Kerið火山口(这也是您驶上环岛公路，到达南岸前不可错过的地方)。接下来，您会经过壮丽璀璨的塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)，和与之齐名的斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)。继续向南，沿着临近维克镇的海岸线，停驻在由于火山喷发造成的奇异黑沙滩，一睹魔幻般Dyrhólaey岩门石洞和雷尼斯德兰格玄武岩石柱群。
可选额外项目：
1.朗格冰川雪地摩托：如果您喜欢刺激，就一定不要错过雪地摩托，这是冰岛最受欢迎的户外项目之一。这个项目的集合地点在黄金大瀑布的信息中心外停车场，所以适宜加在这一天的行程中。(最低年龄8岁， 需要您持有有效驾照，如无驾照只能做乘客)
2. 丝浮拉大裂缝干衣浮潜：体会在两大地质板块间遨游的超然体验，冰岛最酷的特色项目之一。（浮潜项目需要您会游泳并年满16岁）
3. 骑马：2小时轻松骑马，无需经验，最低年龄7岁。
注：这一天只能增加一个额外项目，否则时间不够用。
行程日 3 - 斯卡夫塔山冰川 - 钻石冰沙滩
第三天，您将去往位于瓦特纳冰川国家的斯卡夫塔山Skaftafell地区，在这里既可以欣赏风景，还可以参加各种各样的户外活动。您还可以选择出发前先去索尔黑马冰川参加冰川徒步项目。
出发前，您还可以选择前往米达冰川内的卡特拉冰洞，探索冰川内部奇妙景色。
如果您喜欢徒步，斯卡夫塔山地区有多条徒步线路可供选择，满足您的不同选择偏好和需求，其中一条就通往美丽的斯瓦提瀑布(Svartifoss)。
当您回到环岛主路，首先映入眼帘的就是杰古沙龙冰湖(Jökulsárlón)－这里不仅是冰岛最著名的景区之一，也是最顶级的摄影天堂；您可以选择参加付费项目－冰湖船游，穿梭于宁静、形状各异的巨大冰山之间。在冰湖对面，是一片“钻石冰沙滩”，搁浅在黑沙滩的冰石让你觉得宛如来到了《爱丽丝梦游仙境》中的梦幻世界。
行程单中还有更多小众景区可选择游览。
可选额外项目：
1. 米达冰川卡特拉冰洞：最低年龄12岁
2. 斯卡夫塔山冰川徒步：最低年龄10岁
3. 杰古沙龙冰河湖两栖船游：船游在每年的5月至9月之间运营，但是也可能会受到天气的影响。如果入夏早、入秋晚，4月和10月也有一定的可能会可以船游，但是这个完全取决于当时的天气状况。
4. 杰古沙龙冰河湖快艇船游：6月至9月运营，最低年龄10岁。
小贴士：霍芬镇(Höfn，又名赫本镇)，这里是很著名的吃冰岛龙虾的地方。如果您是美食爱好者，记得提前定位。
行程日 4 - 东部峡湾
第四天，您将沿着东部峡湾地区北上，沿途经过秀丽静谧的峡湾小镇。东部峡湾蜿蜒曲折，海岸线美不胜收。每一个拐角处都是另一片天地，一路上您将路过多个小渔村，可以按照自己的喜好选择停留、游览。
东部峡湾地区的村镇是冰岛开发程度最低的地区，您可以了解冰岛古老的历史和文化，夜晚留宿东部地区的中心－埃伊尔斯塔济镇(Egilsstaðir)或周边地区。
行程日 5 - 北部米湖－阿克雷里
第五天，您将驶向冰岛北部的米湖区。北部米湖区以其独特的地热景色闻名，包括Námaskarð地热区、Skútustaðagígar伪火山口、Dimmuborgir黑色城堡火山岩群和Krafla火山(人气颇高、到访者众多的冰岛火山)。
结束了一天的长途跋涉和观光，可以去米湖天然地热温泉泡温泉，缓解一天的疲劳。
如果您希望多走访一些地区，还可以北上到被称为欧洲观鲸之都的小镇－胡萨维克，乘船出海赏鲸。
可选额外项目：
1. 米湖天然温泉(6月1日至8月31日，早9点至午夜12点营业；4月－5月及9-10月，中午12点至晚10点营业。您可以提前再米湖天然温泉官网订票，也可以现场订票)
2. 胡萨维克观鲸团
3. 胡萨维克观鲸＋观海鹦船游旅行团：最低年龄7岁
行程日 6 - 北极海岸
第六天，参观童话般的阿克雷里。阿克雷里与其说是一个城市，更像一个可爱的海边小镇，这里有许多俏皮的商店、博物馆，以及世界最北的植物园，是行程中一个调整步调、放松的好机会。
接着，继续向Skagafjörður峡谷进发(该峡谷以数量惊人的冰岛马而闻名)；穿过山岳连绵、景色优美的Tröllaskagi渔村(这里是Siglufjörður峡湾古老的鲱鱼渔村)，放松身心远眺周遭风光。
可选额外项目：
1. 北部冰岛一小时骑马旅行团（最低年龄为7岁）。
2. 阿克雷里观鲸团。
行程日 7 - 一号环岛公路沿路风光
第七天，您可以探索冰岛西部的众多景区，包括位于博尔加内斯(Borgarnes)古冰岛人定居博物馆和Deildartunguhver－欧洲最大的天然地热泉。继续前行，不可错过的还有赫伦瀑布(Hraunfossar，又名熔岩瀑布)和儿童瀑布(Barnafossar)。历史爱好者还可以参观位于雷克霍特(Reykholt)的Snorrastofa，这里是13世纪Snorri Sturluson书写Heimskringla萨迦文学的地方。
如果希望有更多时间在首都购物休闲，今天可以早点出发，直接返程首都，体验世界最北首都的独特文化。
可选额外项目：
1. 朗格冰川冰川隧道：探索世界首个冰川内的人工隧道。
2. 火山岩洞洞穴探险：地理地质爱好者的天堂。
3. 火山内部遨游：冰岛是全世界唯一一个可进入火山内部的国度，这是冰岛夏季最受欢迎的特色项目。5月15日至10月15日之间运营。（最低年龄12岁）
行程日 8 - 离境
今天在您离境前，需去凯夫拉维克机场还车；如果您的航班时间在傍晚，还可以增加一些额外项目，让行程更丰富。可以把蓝湖安排在离境前，作为本次自驾的最后一个小高潮，被火山石包围的蓝湖温泉宛如仙境， 湖水中富含着矿物质，对皮肤非常有益，也具有一定的疗愈效果。您可以在这里彻底放松身心，为冰岛之行画上圆满句号。
欢迎再来!
住宿
下面我们列出了这个自驾套餐中的可选住宿级别。在每日行程中，您可以看到每一天具体的首选酒店。舒适级别住宿为单人预订安排单人间，多人预订将安排双人间或三人间的组合。如果您多人同时出行但是希望安排单人间，请联系客服进行单间差升级。品质住宿会为单数人数预订提供一个单人间，余下提供双人间。
青少年、儿童与家长共享房间时，可享受产品的青少年、儿童价格。如果因为人数超额需要额外安排房间，需按成人价格计算。
我们会从Guide to Iceland优选的酒店中为您安排您预订时可选的最佳选择。冰岛全国的酒店质量水平差异较大，且严重的供不应求，您定的越早，效果越为理想。一些地区无品质级别的住宿，如果您选择品质级别，无品质住宿地区的住宿将被安排在舒适级别住宿中，我们的品质级别升级差价只增加了可升级的部分，为您合理安排最佳酒店。如果您有特别需求，可联系我们的客服，我们会尽力满足您的需求。注：特别安排将会有额外的房型或服务费用。选择日期即可查询位置并预订。
车型
下面您能看到我们的自驾套餐提供的车型选择。我们为您提供的车绝大部分情况下都是两年内的新车，配置GPS定位系统，以及基础碰撞险(CDW)、超级碰撞险(SCDW)、碎石险(GP)。预订过程中，您可以选择手动或自动挡车。
经济
小型二驱车，适宜基础路段。范例车型：大众保罗、丰田雅力士，或同级别车型。此类车型不适宜走山路、进入中央高地地区。
舒适四驱
中型四驱吉普车，能更好的驾驭非沥青路面和湿滑有冰雪的冬季路面。范例车型：丰田RAV4或同级别车型。此类车型有基础的山路能力。
豪华四驱
大型四驱吉普车，适宜冰岛绝大部分路段、可走山路进入中央高地地区。范例车型：丰田陆地巡洋舰及同级别车型。
取消保险
购买取消保险，您将可以享受更灵活的取消政策。只要您于订单上的开始时间算起，提前48小时以上，发送邮件至英文客服邮箱info@guidetoiceland.is，就可以获得此产品的全额退款（每人5000克朗的保险费用不可退，邮件请用英文说明订单号和取消要求）。
注：此保险只适用于取消整个产品预定，而不能拆分单独取消住宿、租车、旅行团等。只有在您取消整个订单时，才可以获得退款。
保险本身费用不可退或用于其它预定。
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