辛格维利尔国家公园，又译辛格韦德利国家公园，是冰岛大陆上唯一被联合国教科文组织认证为世界文化遗产的地点。它和盖歇尔间歇泉、黄金瀑布，组成了著名的黄金圈旅游线路。公园南侧是冰岛最大的湖泊－辛格瓦德拉湖（Þingvallavatn）。
地理
辛格维利尔的地理地质特性在世界上独一无二。欧亚大陆板块与美洲大陆板块在此相会，且暴露在海平面之上。全世界只能在冰岛看到两大地质板块在海平面之上相会的地质奇观。
游览时，建议从美洲大陆板块一侧开始观光，在这里的信息牌上可以阅读到这个地区的更多有趣信息和历史，之后可以再走入其下的山谷。
历史
辛格维利尔在冰岛语中的意思为“议会土地”，从它的名字就不难猜出它的历史。在这里，世界上的第一个民主议会诞生－公园930年，维京人选址在此，创立了冰岛的议会。
民主议会也许和维京人喜欢战争掠杀的名声背道而驰，但当时的30多个氏族急需在恶劣的新环境中求得生存与繁荣。第一次集会的空前成功，让议会得以保留。每年，人们聚集在此，解决争端、审判罪犯、制定让所有人都能受益的法律。
冰岛联邦就此诞生，让冰岛人在成为挪威王国的选民前就获得了独立与自由。冰岛在辛格维利尔的年度议会一直延续到了1798年。
丹麦王国取消了冰岛的议会，直至1845年，冰岛的议会在雷克雅未克重生。
辛格维利尔在冰岛历史上的另一个重要角色与信仰有关，公园1000年，挪威入侵冰岛，冰岛人在辛格维利尔舍弃异教信仰、北欧众神，转而投信基督教。
冰岛的法律演讲人、议长Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði是冰岛的这场信仰危机中起到了决定性的作用，他考虑了一天一夜，才回到这里宣布了他的决定。
为了见证冰岛信仰的转变，Þorgeir将北欧众神的神像抛入北部的众神瀑布－Goðafoss，瀑布正得名于此。
丝浮拉裂缝
辛格维利尔是冰岛最受欢迎的自然景点之一，而除了上述的自然、历史原因，它还有另一大独特的景观－丝浮拉裂缝（Silfra，又译史费拉裂缝）。丝浮拉裂缝流淌着冰川水，是世界上排名前十的浮潜、潜水地。
丝浮拉在冰岛语中意为“银”，是公园内的一个水下峡谷，能见度高达100余米，温度常年保持在零上。世界各地的人们在这里穿上潜水衣，去水下享受完美的失重感，以及遨游在两大地质板块间的难得体验。
丝浮拉大裂缝(Silfra)位于冰岛西南部的辛格维利尔国家公园(Þingvellir)内，是黄金圈景区的热门旅游景点。这座注满了纯净冰川水的宽广裂缝常被评为世界最佳浮潜与潜水地点，距离首都雷克雅未克仅有1小时左右的车程。
丝浮拉大裂缝的地理概况
形成于1789年的丝浮拉大裂缝是板块运动的产物。北美与亚欧板块于辛格维利尔国家公园分界，大西洋中脊则纵贯冰岛全境；两大板块以每年2厘米的速度不断分离，并在地表不断撕裂出峡谷与裂缝。
朗格冰川(Langjökull)距离辛格维利尔国家公园约60公里，冰川融水渗入多孔熔岩原后形成地下水，逐渐汇入一些裂缝之中。水体历经一个多世纪，最终进入丝浮拉大裂缝；而经由熔岩原漫长过滤的冰川水，也因此变得无比剔透纯净，没有一丝杂质。
因水体始终在地下运动，其温度也常年保持在2～3摄氏度，故而从不结冰，在丝浮拉大裂缝进行的浮潜与潜水旅行团也可全年运营。
纯净无双的水体为浮潜与潜水运动造就了最完美的环境，丝浮拉大裂缝的水下能见度也高达100余米。在冰川融水中自由漂浮，裂缝岩壁与底部的纹理清晰可见，令人产生置身梦幻水晶宫殿的神奇感受。
阳光与冰川水交织出了神奇的色彩，丝浮拉大裂缝的水下世界也流光溢彩、宛若幻境。阳光折射进水底，有时还会在裂缝底部投射出一道彩虹。
丝浮拉大裂缝浮潜
丝浮拉大裂缝浮潜是冰岛最受欢迎的探险旅行项目之一。浮潜项目较为简单，不需要游客有任何提前经验，但仍有如下条件：
- 必须会游泳；
- 必须年满16岁；
- 身体健康；
- 最低身高145公分，最低体重45公斤；
- 60岁以上参团者，需提供专门的医疗鉴定同意书；
- 45岁以上、有强烟瘾、酒瘾，需提供专门的医疗鉴定同意书；
- 可以使用英语交流，或有翻译全程陪同。
最常见的浮潜旅行团为干衣浮潜。 干潜水衣类似隔离服，将人体与水体隔离，更能抵御水体寒冷。游客可以选择湿衣浮潜。由氯丁橡胶制成的湿潜水衣更加轻薄，让浮潜员得以更自如地活动，但不如干衣保暖。参加湿衣浮潜旅行团，最低体重为50公斤。
浮潜旅行团将为您免费提供面罩、手蹼、脚蹼、呼吸管、面镜等必需装备，专业浮潜向导将全程带领您穿越丝浮拉大裂缝，旅行团时常约40分钟。
丝浮拉大裂缝潜水
如果不满足于在水面漂浮，经验丰富的游客也可以尝试潜水旅行团，在五光十色的纯净冰川水中自如穿梭，收获在两大板块之间遨游的难忘体验。潜水旅行团的要求比浮潜更加严格：
- 持有效干衣潜水证明，两年内有干衣潜水记录，或
- 两年内有至少10次干衣潜水记录，并提供干衣潜水指导的书面证明。
Þingvallavatn (anglicised to Thingvallavatn, ‘the Lake of the Fields of Parliament’) is a rift valley lake located roughly forty-minutes drive from Iceland’s capital city, Reykjavík.
Features of Thingvallavatn
Þingvallavatn is partially within the boundaries of Þingvellir National Park, Iceland’s oldest National Park and only one with UNESCO World Heritage Site status.
Covering an area of 84 square kilometres (32 square miles), Þingvallavatn is the largest natural lake in Iceland with its greatest depth measuring at 114 metres (374 feet). Þingvallavatn is situated on the Mid-Atlantic Rift, on a part of the ridge known as the Reykjanes Ridge.
The lake has only one outflow, the river Sog.
Of particular note to biologists and fishermen are the four morphs of Arctic Char that inhabit the lake. The lake’s char are an excellent example of species evolving to fit and adapt to a secluded environment; over ten thousand years, one species of Char has transformed into four different-sub branches. Other fish in the lake include the the Brown Trout and the Three-Spine Stickleback.
History and Geology
Þingvallavatn takes its name from the historical founding of the Alþingi, which occurred in 930 AD at what is now known as Þingvellir National Park. Þingvellir literally translates to ‘Fields of Parliament’.
The Alþingi was the first democratically elected representative parliament in world history (examples such as Ancient Athens were direct, not representative, democracies); Icelanders used to travel by foot or horseback simply to congregate at Þingvellir where they would hear the latest laws and judgements of the island.
Þingvellir National Park is also notable for its geology. Given its position on the Mid Atlantic Ridge, the park is one of the only places on the planet where visitors can see both the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates standing exposed from the earth.
Footpaths allow you to get up close and personal to the plates, standing right where the ancient settlers once did. In between the tectonic plates lies fields of dried volcanic rock, blanketed with a thick, yet fragile layer of Icelandic moss.
Scuba Diving in Thingvallavatn
Scuba diving around Þingvallavatn revolves around two sites, Silfra Fissure and Davíðsgjá (David’s Crack), the former being one of the most popular spots on the planet for snorkelling and underwater exploration.
Silfra Fissure is situated between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates and is filled with crystal-clear glacial water originating from the Langjökull ice cap. The water measures at between two degrees Celsius all year round, with a slight current preventing the fissure from ever freezing over.
Davíðsgjá is found within Þingvallavatn and is often considered the darker and more dramatic cousin of Silfra Fissure, resembling the gorge formation so prevalent across the Mid Atlantic Rift.
Only certain tour operators provide tours into Davíðsgjá, so make sure to do some research beforehand if you are looking to access this dive site during your time in Iceland.
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