13天12夜冰岛冬季北极光环岛跟团套餐｜一号环岛公路景区＋斯奈山半岛＋雷克雅未克

• 运营日期 9月. - 4月.
• 长度 13 天
• 项目 冰川徒步, 岩洞, 雪地摩托, 超级吉普, 骑马, 观鲸, 观光, 寻猎极光, 温泉, 文化, 冰洞探险
• 难度 容易
• 最低年龄 8 岁
• 解说语言 English
• 亮点

  

  冰岛蓝湖温泉(Blue Lagoon)位于冰岛西南部的雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)上，是冰岛最著名的旅游景点与地热温泉之一。

  蓝湖温泉距离冰岛凯夫拉维克国际机场约15～20分钟车程；距离冰岛首都雷克雅未克约50分钟车程。温泉居于机场和首都之间，许多游客会将蓝湖温泉行程安排在抵达或离开冰岛当日，以节省旅行时间，优化旅行路线，舒缓长途飞行之后的疲劳身心。

  历史

  

  1976年时，蓝湖只不过是一汪从Svartsengi地热发电厂排出的废水。1981年，发电厂员工Valur Margeirsson成为了第一个进入蓝湖泡温泉的人。Valur提出要进入蓝湖时，遭到了不少人的反对，只因当时的人都认为这里只是一滩“蓝色泥潭”，而非温泉。但不久大家就都发现，这汪蓝宝石色的湖水具有改善肌肤、舒缓肌肉的神奇效果。

  蓝湖温泉对牛皮癣等皮肤病症有显著的疗效，有助患者减轻病情。温泉的奇效也随之在冰岛传开，1987年，蓝湖温泉设施对外开放，成为正式温泉。

  此后蓝湖温泉逐步发展，从简陋的户外泳池慢慢成为了今天的奢华温泉SPA。

  今日蓝湖

  科学研究表明，蓝湖温泉含有二氧化硅、硫等丰富的矿物质，有助于改善皮肤状况，现在蓝湖也专门为皮肤病患者设立了研究所和疗养中心。蓝湖温泉也会为普通游客免费提供硅泥面膜，让游人体验蓝湖温泉的天然魅力。

   

  蓝湖温泉的水温全年保持在37～39°C，无论冬夏游人都可以在温暖舒适的泉水中度过愉快的温泉时光。温泉内还有桑拿房、蒸汽房和人工瀑布等设施，供游客舒缓疲劳。

  蓝湖温泉范围内另设有LAVA餐厅、咖啡厅以及SPA。在造访蓝湖期间，您也可以选择去餐厅用餐，品尝美味的鸡尾酒，或者预约SPA按摩服务，以多样的方式感受蓝湖温泉的多元乐趣。

  

  蓝湖温泉也是冰岛最浪漫的旅游目的地之一。火山熔岩地貌与湛蓝的泉水相映成趣，让蓝湖温泉更添梦幻色彩。

  蓝湖温泉旅游贴士

  蓝湖温泉是冰岛少数全年无休的旅游景点，一年四季都有来自世界各地的游客造访。为了控制入场人数、确保温泉内的游客有足够的活动空间，蓝湖每天每个时段的入场人数都非常有限。想要造访蓝湖，必须提早在蓝湖官网预定门票，确保入场位置。蓝湖不设临时购票柜台，如果没有预先购买门票，即使抵达了现场也无法入场。

  在换泳衣进入温泉之前，游客需要先在更衣室裸体洗澡，达到温泉规定的卫生标准。在游泳前先洗澡也是冰岛特有的规定，大家早已习以为常；如果不想与他人赤裸相对，也可以使用蓝湖更衣室内的洗澡隔间。

  相比其他温泉，蓝湖温泉价格较高。如果希望在冰岛体验价格更加便宜、但品质同样有所保障的天然地热温泉，可以选择黄金圈沿途的Fontana地热温泉、秘密温泉(Secret Lagoon)、北部的米湖天然温泉(Mývatn)或者西部的Krauma温泉。

  更多关于冰岛温泉的资讯，可以阅读《冰岛最棒的十大温泉》以及《冰岛最好的温泉泳池》两篇旅行攻略。

  蓝湖温泉,

  

  绵延300公里的黄金圈是冰岛最热门的旅游路线，盖歇尔间歇泉地热区(Geysir)、黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)与辛格维利尔国家公园(Þingvellir)三大景点都是冰岛旅行的必游景点。

  黄金圈景区交通便利，从首都雷克雅未克出发一日之内即可往返；租车自驾和参加旅行团都是绝佳的旅行选择，一些旅行团还将黄金圈自然观光与浮潜、雪地摩托、直升机、午夜阳光等特色旅行项目结合，升级黄金圈旅行体验。

  黄金圈是冰岛最经典的旅行路线，三大自然景点尽显冰岛地质的神奇瑰丽与冰岛文化的恢弘迷人。

  盖歇尔间歇泉地热区

  

  盖歇尔间歇泉地热区位于Haukadalur山谷内。间歇泉这一地热奇观的英文学名“geyser”就源自这一地区的盖歇尔(Geysir)。

  如今盖歇尔已几乎不再喷发，取而代之的是活跃的史托克间歇泉(Strokkur)；每隔5～10分钟，史托克便喷发出40余米的沸腾水柱，地心深处的澎湃力量也由此涌出地表。

  地热区还遍布着蒸汽孔、沸泥潭、地热喷泉等地热奇观，除了盖歇尔与史托克外，这里还分布有Smiður与Litli-Strokkur两座小型间歇泉。盖歇尔景区设施齐全，设有酒店、餐厅、咖啡厅与旅行纪念品商店。

  黄金瀑布

  黄金瀑布是冰岛最壮丽的瀑布之一，也是冰岛最大的断层瀑布。瀑布高达32米，分为两层汇入峡谷；发源自Hvítá“白河”的黄金瀑布水流极为丰沛，Hvítá也是冰岛最受欢迎的漂流地点之一。黄金瀑布距离盖歇尔间歇泉地热区仅有10分钟车程，也是黄金圈三大景点中距离首都雷克雅未克最远的一处。

  20世纪初时，英国投资者预备在黄金瀑布筑坝，利用瀑布的强大水能发电。虽然已拿到一纸租约，但瀑布土地所有者的女儿Sigríður Tómasdóttir始终与其抗争，竭尽全力保护这片生养自己的美丽国土。Sigríður曾数度步行200公里，往返于雷克雅未克与黄金瀑布之间，与律师商讨对策，最终终使投资商放弃了修建水电站的计划。

  Sigríður终于成功，冰岛也从此禁止外国投资商染指瀑布；Sigríður被誉为冰岛第一位环境主义者，也位列冰岛历史上最重要的人物之一。

  辛格维利尔国家公园

  

  辛格维利尔国家公园是黄金圈景区的最后一处景点。公元930年，冰岛议会于辛格维利尔成立，直至1798年才搬迁至雷克雅未克。冰岛议会也是世界上运行时间最长的民主议会。

  辛格维利尔国家公园被联合国教科文组织认证为世界文化遗产，也是冰岛最具历史文化价值的人文景点之一。与此同时，辛格维利尔恢弘的地理地质与维京历史亦相映成趣。北美与亚欧两大地质板块于此交界，大西洋中脊横贯其间，板块分界的大裂谷与火山地貌无比震撼。

  丝浮拉大裂缝(Silfra)即形成于板块地质运动，裂缝中注满了纯净剔透的冰川融水，水下能见度可达100米以上，五光十色的水下世界仿如梦幻，因此丝浮拉大裂缝也成为了举世闻名的浮潜与潜水地点。丝浮拉水温常年维持在2°C，因此多数游客会选择参加干衣浮潜，收获在两大板块之间潜水畅游的非凡体验。

  在Almannagjá峡谷，游客可以触摸北美板块的粗糙边缘；在冰岛最大湖泊议会湖(Þingvallavatn)，游客则可以领略粗犷火山地貌的静美一面。

  黄金圈景区小众景点

  黄金圈景区位于冰岛西南部，与许多小众景点相距不远。Flúðir小镇的秘密温泉与Laugarvatn地区的Fontana温泉都是体验冰岛地热温泉的完美去处；经由朗格冰川(Langjökull)的人造冰川隧道，游客可以深入探秘冰川内部构造；在索尔黑马生态村(Sólheimar)，游客可以体验别样的生活艺术；Kerið火山口湖的迷人景色也同样不容错过。

  推荐阅读《冰岛百科｜著名景区黄金圈－9种小众玩法》攻略，解锁更多黄金圈自驾与参团玩法。

  黄金圈,

  

  冰岛东部地域广阔，以极致的自然美景与迷人的历史文化著称。鲜少有人造访的东部峡湾即属冰岛东部大区，各具魅力的峡湾小镇与丰富的野生生态是东部峡湾的最大特色。

  冰岛东部的小镇与基础设施

  冰岛东部的城镇并不多，其中基础设施最完备的是东部地区的最大城镇：埃伊尔斯塔济(Egilsstaðir)。

  埃伊尔斯塔济镇上设有餐厅、商店、加油站以及适合不同旅行预算的住宿选择，也有博物馆等文化设施。埃伊尔斯塔济也设有机场，游客可以选乘冰岛国内航班，从雷克雅未克飞抵埃伊尔斯塔济，参加从当地出发的冰岛东部旅行团。

  塞济斯菲厄泽(Seyðisfjörður)是冰岛东部另一个著名小镇，《白日梦想家》电影就曾在此取景；除了一般的旅游服务外，游客还可以选择从这里搭乘轮船，前往斯堪的纳维亚地区的其他国家。“神山小镇”Djúpivogur也同样是冰岛东部的重要城镇之一。

  冰岛东部也是Kárahnjúkar水力发电站的所在地，电站为许多城镇提供能源。大坝的建造曾引发对冰岛生态环境的热烈争论。

  冰岛东部的自然与生态

  冰岛东部以群山环围的峡湾景色而闻名，幽深的峡湾内也坐落着许多可爱的渔村小镇。

  东部的内陆地区则有着肥沃的农业耕作区，同时也是冰岛最大森林Hallormsstaðaskógur的所在地，森林也是冰岛桦树分布面积最大的区域。距离森林不远处拉加尔湖(Lagarfljót)则是东部地区的另一大自然景点，传说湖中栖居着一只蛇形水怪！

  许多河流贯穿冰岛东部，在这些河流的河口通常都能找到海豹的聚居地。资源丰富的水域中富含海洋生物，也为鲸鱼和海豚提供了充足的食物，东部地区的自然生态因此无比活跃。

  冰岛最高的独立山峰Snӕfell是冰岛东部的地标性景点，高原绿洲Eyjabakkar则是世界上最大的粉脚雁栖息地之一。

  冰岛野生驯鹿也聚居在冰岛的东部。驯鹿最早被挪威商人带到冰岛，但由于缺乏系统饲养的农场，这些驯鹿现在均成为了无人养殖的野生动物。许多鸟类夏季时也会来到冰岛东部栖息，其中就包括可爱的海鹦。

  欧洲最大冰川——瓦特纳冰原(Vatnajökull)一路从冰岛南岸延展至冰岛东部，常常会在视线中出现。

  冰岛东部的文学文化

  冰岛东部文化、历史的中心是Fljótsdalshérað地区的Skriðuklaustur。这里曾是冰岛中世纪的修道院，也是东部地区的宗教中心；20世纪时，冰岛著名作家贡纳尔·贡纳尔松(Gunnar Gunnarsson)也曾经居住于此潜心创作。

  贡纳尔曾经创作出众多大师级文学作品，例如《降临节》(Aðventa)、《黑鸟》(Svartfugl)、《博尔加家族萨迦》(Saga borgarættarinnar)、自传体小说《山上教堂》(Fjallkirkjan)等。

  冰岛东部的现代文化依然活跃，主要以各类特色节日的形式体现。每年在塞济斯菲厄泽(Seyðisfjörður)举行的LungA音乐节、在Neskaupstaður举行的Eistnaflug重金属音乐节和Neistaflug音乐节都吸引了来自冰岛全国乃至世界各地的无数游客额。

  东部冰岛,

  

  冰岛北部是一个充满自然魅力的地区，也是不少冰岛著名景点的所在地。

  冰岛北部的热门景区包括：米湖地区(Mývatn)；有“冰岛北部之都”称号的阿克雷里(Akureyri)；观鲸小镇胡萨维克(Húsavík)；瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)北部等。

  冰岛北部多峡湾、山川的地理风光也无比壮丽。

  埃亚峡湾(Eyjafjordur，也称岛屿峡湾)

  埃亚峡湾是冰岛北部的主要峡湾之一，阿克雷里就坐落于该峡湾内。阿克雷里人口共约17,000，是除了冰岛首都大雷克雅未克地区之外人口最多的城市。

  阿克雷里与冰岛一号环岛公路相接，陆路交通便利。阿克雷里也有供邮轮和货船停泊的港口，因此也会有人乘船前往阿克雷里。

  阿克雷里的老城区是市区内最值得一游的区域。历史悠久的建筑能让有人充分体验冰岛北部的文化风情。阿克雷里还有着有趣的博物馆、艺术馆以及地处世界最北端的植物园，这些都让其成为冰岛北部的必游城市之一。

  对于喜欢滑雪的人来说，位于阿克雷里附近的Hlidarfjall滑雪场也是冰岛冬季旅行必到的目的地之一。

  锡格吕菲厄泽峡湾(Siglufjörður)

  锡格吕菲厄泽峡湾位于埃亚峡湾与斯卡加峡湾(Skagafjörður)的交界，峡湾内有一个迷人的同名小镇锡格吕菲厄泽。

  锡格吕菲厄泽小镇位于深幽的峡湾内，具有传统峡湾小镇的特色。小镇被延绵的山脉环绕，颇具避世风情，镇上也有不少冰岛特色博物馆，是游客深入了解冰岛历史文化的绝佳去处。

  锡格吕菲厄泽小镇内最著名的博物馆是民谣音乐博物馆以及鲱鱼时代博物馆。鲱鱼时代博物馆是冰岛唯一一个赢得过国际奖项的博物馆；馆内展示了冰岛人依靠海洋为生的千年历史。

  瓦斯半岛(Vatnsnes)

  瓦斯半岛闻名的原因有二。其一在于，瓦斯半岛是冰岛观看野生海豹的最佳地点，一年四季都有机会在半岛的海滩上找到慵懒可爱的海豹们。在华姆斯唐吉镇(Hvammstangi)还专门设有海豹中心，游人可以在中心内了解到很多有关冰岛海豹的知识。

  其二在于，冰岛著名的奇石犀牛石(Hvítserkur, 亦称象形石)就位于半岛之上。根据冰岛的传说，犀牛石原本是一只可怕的巨怪，但由于躲避不及阳光的照射，才被永远变成了岩石，矗立于海中。

  Thingeyjarsysla 

  Þingeyjarsýsla县区聚集了冰岛热门旅游景点，其中最经典的就是米湖。米湖以丰富的地热资源闻名，有着奇诡的火山熔岩地貌和伪火山坑，还有许多鸟类在此栖息。

  米湖地区周围也有很多经典的景色，其中包括《权力的游戏》取景地之一黑暗城堡熔岩群(Dimmuborgir)以及美丽的众神瀑布(Goðafoss)。

  “观鲸小镇”胡萨维克也位于Thingeyjarsysla县地区，由于观鲸成功率非常高，也常被誉为“欧洲观鲸之都”。每年夏季的冰岛观鲸旺季，都会有许多赏鲸船从这里出发，载着游人到附近的海湾寻觅鲸鱼的身影。

  Jökulsárgljúfur峡谷地区则集聚了冰岛北部地区几处最受欢迎的自然景点：欧洲水力最大的瀑布黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)、菲约德勒姆冰河(Jökulsá á Fjöllum)、马蹄峡谷(Ásbyrgi，亦称阿斯匹吉峡谷)等。

  格里姆赛岛(Grimsey)

  冰岛北部的格里姆赛岛，是冰岛唯一一处位于北极圈内的领土。岛上人口只有约100人，以渔业、丰富的植被和鸟类闻名，也是夏季观察冰岛非官方“国鸟”海鹦的最佳地点之一。

  北部冰岛,

  

  从地理位置来说，冰岛首都雷克雅未克同属冰岛西部。此外冰岛西部还有三大主要景区：斯奈山半岛(Snӕfellsnes)、博尔加峡湾(Borgarfjörður)和布雷扎峡湾(Breiðafjörður)。冰岛西部集聚着欧洲流速最快的温泉、冰岛最大的熔岩洞穴、迷人的冰川、美丽的瀑布、历史悠久的文化遗迹等景点。

  虽然西峡湾地区和雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)也都位于冰岛西部，但人们常将其视为两个独立的区域，将其作为特殊地区单独介绍。

  冰岛首都地区

  冰岛的首都是雷克雅未克(Reykjavík)，城市人口约为120,000，整个大雷克雅未克地区的人口则超过200,000。雷克雅未克的历史要追溯至公元870年：第一位定居冰岛的维京人英格尔夫·阿纳尔松(Ingólfur Arnarson)将此处作为定居地。

  雷克雅未克也是冰岛历史最悠久的聚落，也是冰岛文化艺术的心脏。Sónar音乐节、冰岛电波音乐节(Iceland Airwaves)、秘密夏至音乐节(Secret Solstice)都在每年如期举行；同志大游行、冰岛文化之夜等盛大的文化节日也都以雷克雅未克为主阵。城市的博物馆、艺术馆各具特色，街头艺术、雕塑作品随处可见，还有许多听现场音乐、看艺术表演的场地与美味地道的酒吧与餐厅。雷克雅未克是一座充满活力的北欧都市。

  哈尔格林姆斯大教堂(Hallgrímskirkja)、Harpa音乐会议厅、太阳航海者雕塑(Sólfar)等雷克雅未克的著名地标也都是赫赫有名的必游景点。

  雷克雅未克是许多游客的自由行基地，也是很多冰岛旅行团出发的地点。您可以在雷克雅未克攻略页面找到更多由冰岛本地人撰写的实用旅行信息。

  博尔加峡湾

  博尔加峡湾位于雷克雅未克以北，不少著名的历史和自然景点就坐落于此。例如雷克霍特(Reykholt)就是冰岛中世纪文豪斯诺里·斯图鲁松(Snorri Sturluson)的故居，他曾在这里创作出了《散文埃达》、《挪威列王传》等北欧经典文学作品。

  博尔加峡湾地区的最大城市是博尔加内斯(Borgarnes)，这也是冰岛最早有人定居的地区之一。参观当地的冰岛定居中心展览(Settlement Centre)，您将更加深入地了解冰岛历史。

  博尔加峡湾也不乏自然胜景。冰岛第二高的瀑布——格里穆尔瀑布(Glymur)以及熔岩瀑布(Hraunfossar)、儿童瀑布(Barnafoss)都跻身冰岛最美瀑布之列；冰岛最长的熔岩洞穴Viðgelmir、欧洲流速最快的温泉德尔达图赫菲(Deildartunguhver)、冰岛第二大冰川——朗格冰川(Langjökull)也都位于这个迷人的峡湾之内。

  斯奈山半岛

  有“冰岛缩影”之称的斯奈山半岛也同属冰岛西部。磅礴的斯奈菲尔冰川火山(Snӕfellsjokull)与以冰川为中心的斯奈菲尔国家公园就坐落在这座狭长半岛之上。

  斯奈山半岛因地貌丰富多样、极具冰岛特色而被誉为冰岛缩影，您将在半岛上发现火山、冰川、瀑布、山脉、熔岩原等奇妙的地理构造。半岛上最热门的景点是教会山(Kirkjufell，也称草帽山)、Gerðuberg玄武岩壁以及有“怪物海岸”之称的Lóndrangar海蚀柱。

  布雷扎峡湾

  布雷扎峡湾分割了西峡湾与斯奈山半岛，海湾内散落着无数小岛，成千上万的鸟类都以此为家，其中就包括冰岛非官方“国鸟”海鹦。

  古老的Eiriksstadir农场就位于布雷扎峡湾地区，也是维京人红发艾瑞克(Eric the Red)的故居。红发艾瑞克是第一个踏上格陵兰岛的欧洲人(于公元984年)，其子莱夫·艾瑞克森(Leifr Eiríksson)则先于哥伦布500年发现了北美洲(约于公元1000年)。

  西部冰岛,

  

  雷克雅未克(Reykjavík)是冰岛的首都，亦是世界上位置最北的首都。

  相比其他北欧都市，冰岛首都雷克雅未克更多了几分静谧、几分安详(市区人口约为12万，大雷克雅未克地区人口也仅为20万)，但这座城市充满了活力与惊喜，每年都吸引无数游客来此体验世界尽头的另一种生活。雷克雅未克是冰岛的政治、经济与文化中心，也是世界上最干净、最安全的城市。

  雷克雅未克的地理位置

  雷克雅未克位于冰岛西南部，临法赫萨湾(Faxaflói)而建。冰川、地震与火山喷发运动共同塑造了这一地区的地理地貌，这一地区也富含地热能，要知道“雷克雅未克”的意思就是“冒烟的海湾”。

  雷克雅未克的大部分地区在大冰期时被掩埋于一座延伸至奥尔塔内斯半岛(Álftanes)的广袤冰川之下，其余部分则被海洋淹没。大冰期末期，陆块上升，冰川脱落，这片土地才得以浮出地表。

  雷克雅未克的海岸线曲折而绵长，点缀着众多半岛、海湾、海峡以及维迪岛(Viðey)等众多岛屿，海湾中还有多种海鸟与鲸鱼栖居。一座起伏有致的山峰点缀着雷克雅未克海岸，在不同季节变幻出不同的美，这就是著名的埃斯亚山(Esjan)。

  埃斯亚山是雷克雅未克地区的最高山峰，颇受徒步与登山爱好者的钟爱。从雷克雅未克海湾远眺，Akrafjall与Skarðsheiði也将映入视线。晴朗天气中，甚至连斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)上的斯奈菲尔冰川也会在天边浮现。

  Elliðaárdalur山谷中的Elliðaá河是雷克雅未克的最大河流，也是冰岛钓三文鱼的最佳地点之一。

  雷克雅未克的交通

  冰岛没有火车与地铁，最常见的交通工具是汽车与公交车。雷克雅未克还有两处港口：位于市中心的旧港与位于城市东部的Sundahöfn港。

  雷克雅未克市区内有一座国内机场，位于Vatnsmýrin，与市中心以及珍珠楼Perlan所在的Öskjuhlíð山相距不远。冰岛的国际机场是位于雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)上的凯夫拉维克国际机场(Keflavík)，距离首都约有50公里。

  游客可以选择租自行车、汽车或吉普车在雷克雅未克旅行，或直接参加从首都出发的旅行团。如果只是参观市中心地区的城市地标景点，可以选择直接步行或乘坐公交车。

  雷克雅未克旅行活动

  雷克雅未克是著名的北欧文学艺术之都，全年都会举办各种特色活动与节日。无论哪个月份来雷克雅未克旅行，都有机会邂逅来自世界各地的名人、艺术家、音乐家、歌手、作家、诗人等——例如比约克、胜利玫瑰Sigur Rós等冰岛知名音乐人；以及《宇宙天使》的作者埃纳尔·茂尔·古德蒙德松(Einar Már Guðmundsson)、曾与比约克合作作词且如今蜚声国际文坛的诗人松(Sjón)等。

  冰岛电波音乐节、Sónar音乐节、秘密夏至音乐节、雷克雅未克同志骄傲游行(Gay Pride)、雷克雅未克国际电影节RIFF、雷克雅未克文学节、文化之夜、雷克雅未克艺术节、美食欢乐节(Food & Fun)、雷克雅未克时尚周等大大小小的节日每年都会如期而至。

  想要更加深入地领略酷炫的冰岛文化历史，可以参观城市中的博物馆、艺术馆与摄影展览，在咖啡厅、酒吧或Harpa音乐厅听音乐现场演出，到城市旧港与Grótta灯塔观日落、等极光，在Laugavegur购物主街上购买旅行纪念品，或者去逛逛惊喜无限的跳蚤市场。游客还可以出海参加观鸟、观鲸旅行团，或者登上维迪岛，参观岛上的历史遗迹与艺术装置。阅读这篇《玩转雷克雅未克：十大必做之事》深度攻略，像冰岛本地人一样体验世界最北首都生活。

  

  冰岛议会大厦Alþingi前的Austurvöllur广场上伫立着冰岛独立“国父”Jón Sigurðsson的雕像，一街之隔便是雷克雅未克的主教座堂(Dómkirkjan)。广场周围环绕着多家餐厅、酒吧与咖啡厅。Austurvöllur是冰岛有名的抗议集会地点，2008年冰岛金融危机时愤怒的市民就曾齐聚广场抗议示威。

  沿Lækjargata街漫步，游客将到达托宁湖(Tjörnin)与市政厅。天鹅、鸭子、海鸥等水鸟常年在湖泊中栖息，托宁湖喂鸭子也是在雷克雅未克旅行的必做之事之一。湖滨公园是休憩、散步、遛狗的好去处，夏季时湖边还会不时举办露天音乐会。

  冰岛大学、北欧之屋(Nordic House)、Vatnsmýrin湿地与托宁湖仅一街之隔。各种与北欧有关的音乐、文学、艺术活动时常在北欧之屋上演，而其旁的Vatnsmýrin自然保护区则是许多鸟类的重要栖息地。

  沿海的雷克雅未克虽没有地中海式的阳光海滩，但天气良好时，由地热加热的Nauthólsvík海滩也是个游泳、晒太阳的好去处。城市中还有多家地热温泉泳池，其中最大一座位于Laugardalur，与Ásmundarsafn雕塑展览馆、雷克雅未克动物园、植物园都相距不远。

  另一座海滩Ægissíða位于雷克雅未克的西城区(Vesturbær)，开阔的海景与石滩景色令人心旷神怡，在海滩上可以远眺到冰岛总统府Bessastaðir。

  Skólavörðuholt山丘上的哈尔格林姆斯大教堂(Hallgrímskirkja)是雷克雅未克的另一座必游城市地标；购票登上教堂尖塔，游客可以一览雷克雅未克城市全景，将可爱的北欧彩色房顶尽收眼底。

  建于Öskjuhlíð山上的珍珠楼是鸟瞰雷克雅未克城市全景的另一个好去处，珍珠楼内也设有咖啡厅与冰岛自然展览。176000棵树木环绕着珍珠楼，营造了葱茏而静谧的环境。游客可以一边在林中骑车、漫步，一边呼吸清新的森林空气。

  雷克雅未克是许多游客游览冰岛的大本营。许多旅行团都从首都接团出发，黄金圈、蓝湖温泉等景点也与首都相距不远，自驾距离适中。首都范围内的Heiðmörk自然保护区以及城市外围的蓝山(Bláfjöll)也是颇受欢迎的自然景点。

  最详尽、最专业的雷克雅未克行程指南，尽在雷克雅未克攻略页面。

  雷克雅未克,

  

  阿克雷里(Akureyri)被誉为“冰岛北部首都”，栖于埃亚峡湾(Eyjafjörður)内，距离北极圈仅100公里；阿克雷里人口达17800，是冰岛第二大城市。

  经济概况

  阿克雷里是冰岛的渔业重镇之一，而近年来旅游业、工业、高等教育与服务业亦日渐成为城市的经济支柱。

  阿克雷里位于一号环岛公路沿线，交通发达。市中心三公里外即是国内机场，阿克雷里的港口亦多船只往来，颇为繁忙。

  渔业是阿克雷里的传统经济支柱，冰岛最大渔业公司Samherji在城市设有分部；冰岛最大的酿酒厂Vifilfell也设址于此，著名的Kaldi精酿啤酒就产自阿克雷里。

  阿克雷里基础设施极为完善，阿克雷里医院(Sjúkrahúsið á Akureyri (SAk), Fjórðungssjúkrahúsið á Akureyri (FSA))即是冰岛的两大医院之一。

  在阿克雷里旅行的游客还将领略到独一无二的北欧自然、文化与历史之美；Hlíðarfjall滑雪场更是户外运动爱好者的天堂，每年的Ak Extreme滑雪节都将在这座冰岛最佳滑雪场举行。

  自然概况

  阿克雷里位居埃亚峡湾(Eyjafjörður，又称岛屿峡湾)，四周为群山环绕，最高峰Kerling海拔达1538米。赫里塞岛(Hrísey)位于埃亚峡湾与格里姆塞岛(Grímsey)之间，两座岛屿同属阿克雷里辖域。赫里塞岛常被誉为“埃亚峡湾的明珠”，而格里姆塞岛是冰岛唯一一处位于北极圈内的领土，故有“北极圈的明珠”的美誉。每年夏季，两座僻静的小岛也都成了北极海鹦的热闹家园。

  阿克雷里与冰岛北部的其他热门景区也相距不远。米湖地区(Mývatn)、黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)均是冰岛北部钻石圈景区的明星景点。米湖以月球般的自然地质、外星般的地热活动与活跃的鸟类生活而闻名，黛提瀑布则是欧洲最汹涌的瀑布。

  

  瓦斯半岛(Vatnsnes)上的华姆斯唐吉(Hvammstangi)是冰岛观赏海豹的最佳地点之一，著名的犀牛石(亦称象鼻石)Hvítserkur也坐落于半岛地区。两处景点都与阿克雷里距离适中。

  沿一号公路从南部首都雷克雅未克北上，仅需5小时即可到达阿克雷里。

  历史文化概况

  二战期间，阿克雷里是同盟国的重要据点之一；城市也在外国驻军的影响下迅速发展扩大，大量居民从乡村迁入城市。

  阿克雷里是冰岛文化中心之一，文化场所、酒吧、餐厅中常常上演音乐演出与艺术展览。每年夏天，Vaka民俗节等盛大节日也会在阿克雷里举办。

  城市中的文化场所也展示了冰岛建筑之美：集音乐演出与展览于一体的Hof文化中心、主题各异的博物馆以及全年营业的圣诞屋。

  世界最北的植物园也是阿克雷里居民引以为豪的热门景点之一。想要体验冰岛小众生活的游客，还可以到市中心的温泉泳池去泡地热温泉。

  阿克雷里教堂(Akureyrarkirkja)是这座城市最知名的地标景点。教堂修建于1940年，由冰岛彼时最著名的建筑设计师古德永·塞姆埃松(Guðjón Samúelsson)设计；首都雷克雅未克的哈尔格林姆斯大教堂(Hallgrímskirkja)即出自古德永之手。

  阿克雷里,

  

  冰岛南岸的杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)是冰岛最著名的冰泻湖，位于冰岛一号环岛公路沿途，处于斯卡夫塔山自然保护区(Skaftafell)和霍芬镇(Höfn)之间，是冰岛旅行最热门的必游自然景点之一。

  地理

  杰古沙龙冰河湖由Breiðamerkurjökull冰舌的冰川融水滋养，而这条冰舌则发源自欧洲最大冰川——瓦特纳冰原(Vatnajökull)。

  一年四季无分昼夜，冰湖内始终漂浮着许多巨型冰块，其中的一些甚至与楼房等高。

  浮冰的巨型体积引人瞩目，而纯白与冰蓝混合的冰块颜色、掺杂火山灰的冰块纹理。也都令造访冰河湖的游人颇感震撼。

  

  浮冰跟随水流渐渐漂流入海，进入广袤的大西洋，而有些冰块则会被冲刷到Breiðamerkursandur黑沙滩上；这片聚集了无数如钻石般闪耀的碎冰的沙滩，也因此被冠上了“钻石冰沙滩”的名号。

  虽然杰古沙龙冰河湖只是近代才出现的自然景观，如今却已经成为冰岛最深的湖泊。目前杰古沙龙冰河湖深约248米，面积约为18平方公里。随着冰川不断消融退却，在不久的将来，杰古沙龙冰河湖也会逐步演变成冰岛最大的湖泊。

  历史

  杰古沙龙冰河湖并非自移民定居时代就一直存在的自然景观，而是在1935年才开始慢慢形成的。自20世纪以来，冰岛的平均气温逐年升高。1920年，Breiðamerkurjökull冰舌开始迅速融化退却，其融水也逐步填满了冰川脚下的大片空地，形成了一片冰河湖。

  杰古沙龙冰河湖的面积仍在持续扩张，现在的面积已经比1975年扩大了两倍以上。随着扩张持续，杰古沙龙冰河湖最终会变为峡湾。

  冰岛冰川的消融一直都是严峻的自然灾难，但无意中形成的冰河湖也称得上是一个短暂的“美丽错误”。

  

  世界各地的电影导演早已发现了杰古沙龙冰河湖的绝世之美。詹姆士·邦德系列电影《007之雷霆杀机》(1985年)、《择日而亡》(2002年)、《蝙蝠侠：侠影之谜》(2005年)等电影大片都曾在此取景拍摄，将冰河湖之美搬上了大荧幕。

  2017年，杰古沙龙冰河湖正式被纳入冰岛瓦特纳冰川国家公园，成为受冰岛法律保护的自然景点。

  野生生态

  潮汐为杰古沙龙冰河湖带来了众多的鲱鱼和毛鳞鱼，也因此吸引了许多野生动物来此安家，聚居觅食。

  夏季时，许多北极燕鸥会在此筑巢繁衍。北极燕鸥是攻击力极强的鸟类，它们会奋不顾身地攻击接近其鸟蛋的生物。如果在夏天到访冰河湖，一定不要走近北极燕鸥的巢穴，以防被攻击。此外贼鸥也会在此筑巢孵蛋、繁衍后代。

  野生海豹则一年四季都以冰河湖为家。无论任何季节到访杰古沙龙冰河湖，游人都有机会看到海豹们在巨型浮冰之间戏水嬉闹、慵懒躺卧的可爱景象。杰古沙龙冰河湖不但为海豹们提供了丰富的食物，也成为了它们避开冰岛东南部海域的虎鲸的避风港。

  杰古沙龙冰河湖,

  

  Hvíta is a glacier river in Arnessysla in South Iceland. It is one of the most popular rivers in Iceland for rafting, salmon fishing, and it is home to Iceland's most famous waterfall.

  Gullfoss Waterfall

  The river has its source in Hvítarvatn, by the roots of Langjökull. Many tributaries join it as it travels towards the ocean, making Gullfoss waterfall, which lays on its course, mightily powerful.

  At 32 metres (105 feet) tall, it falls in two steps into a magnificent canyon. There are several viewing platforms around it, and a café and visitors centre a short distance away.

  It can be seen in all seasons, with rainbows flying from its mists in summer and ice cladding the rocks around it in winter.

  Rafting in Hvíta

  Downstream from Gullfoss is the part of Hvíta that is most popular for kayaking, canoeing and rafting. To participate in rafting tours here, no experience is needed.

  These tours are not only exhilarating but expose guests to beautiful nature and geology.

  赫维塔河,

  

  冰岛东南部的瓦特纳冰川(Vatnajökull)是欧洲最大冰川，占冰岛国土面积的8%。

  以冰川为中心，冰岛建立了瓦特纳冰川国家公园。斯卡夫塔山冰川徒步(Skaftafell)、杰古沙龙冰河湖船游(Jökulsárlón)、11月～3月的蓝冰洞探秘等最热门、最经典的户外旅行项目都在瓦特纳冰川国家公园内进行。

  瓦特纳冰川简介

  瓦特纳冰川广袤无垠，总面积达8100平方公里；冰盖最厚处可达1千米，平均厚度也在500米左右。在全球变暖的大潮下，瓦特纳冰川虽也在渐渐消退，但其速度却比朗格冰川(Langjökull)、米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalskjökull)缓慢许多。

  冰岛最高峰、海拔2200米的华纳达尔斯赫努克火山(Hvannadalshnjúkur)即矗立于冰川之上，而冰盖之下则掩盖了格里姆火山(Grímsvötn)、Öræfajökull、巴达本加火山(Bárðarbunga)等数座冰岛最为活跃的火山。瓦特纳冰川地区火山活动频仍，许多地质学家也预测在不久的将来，冰川下的火山将再次爆发。届时，欧洲、美洲乃至世界范围的航空交通、农业生产与气候都将受到严重影响。

  30余条冰舌从瓦特纳冰盖溢出，以北部的Dyngjujökull以及南部的Breiðamerkurjökull与Skeiðarárjökull为最；西部的Síðujökull、Skaftárjökull与Tungnaárjökull均为注出冰川。

  瓦特纳冰川也孕育了无数河流，其中就包括数条冰岛最大的冰川河。以下是该地区的主要河流：

  • Tungnaá (西部)
  • Köldukvísl (西部)
  • Þjórsá (西部)
  • Jökulsá á Fjöllum (北部)
  • Skjálfandafljót (北部)
  • Jökulsá á Brú (东北部)
  • Jökulsá í Fljótsdal (东北部)
  • Jökulsá í Lóni (南部)
  • Hornafjarðarfljót (南部)
  • Jökulsá á Breiðamerkursandi (南部)
  • Skeiðará (南部)
  • Núpsvötn (南部)
  • Hverfisfljót (南部)
  • Skaftá (南部)

  瓦特纳冰川国家公园

  

  瓦特纳冰川国家公园建立于2008年，随后又有数个地区并入国家公园内。目前，公园占地14141平方公里，占冰岛国土面积的14%，也使其位列欧洲第二大国家公园。

  公园北部，Herðubreið平顶火山造型独特，赋予了冰岛艺术家无限灵感；阿斯基亚(Askja)、Snæfell、Kverkfjöll等火山也都位于这一地区。

  幽邃的Jökulsárgljúfur峡谷在数世纪前由冰川河切割而成。峡谷北端，磅礴汹涌的黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)奔腾咆哮，被誉为欧洲水能最丰富的瀑布；继续向北，马蹄形状的阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi，也译奥斯比吉)葱翠秀丽，在北欧传说中是主神奥丁的八蹄神马Sleipnir踏下的华丽足印。

  冰川东部的Snæfell地区多湿地、山脉，野生驯鹿与众多鸟类安居于此。瓦特纳冰川南端则多陡峭山脊，冰舌一直延绵至平原低地。Skeiðarársandur沙原亦位于冰川南部，Skeiðará冰川河蜿蜒流经黝黑的荒原，勾勒出纵横交错的震撼河网。

  Breiðamerkurjökull冰川旁的杰古沙龙冰河湖无疑是国家公园内的明星景点。硕大的冰块从冰川断落入浩渺的湖中，随静谧水流缓缓漂入大西洋；偶有冰块被冲刷上岸，塑造出梦幻而浪漫的钻石冰沙滩。杰古沙龙冰河湖也是冰岛最主要的海豹栖息地之一。

  瓦特纳冰川的未来

  

  瓦特纳冰川的面积已于1930年达到顶峰，此后便渐次消退。在过去的15年中，由于全球变暖、温度升高，瓦特纳冰川的厚度平均每年都会减少1米。

  如果全球气温逐步升高，冰川预计将在下世纪末消逝殆尽，仅在最高峰的顶点上残余些许小面积冰盖。为保护冰川，人们正在冰川周围积极植树造林，以期降低该地区的温度。

  流行文化中的瓦特纳冰川与杰古沙龙冰河湖

  瓦特纳冰川的壮美吸引了世界各地的无数游客，也有多部举世闻名的电影、电视剧在此取景，如1985年的《007之雷霆杀机》、2001年的《古墓丽影》、2002年的《007之择日而亡》、2005年的《蝙蝠侠：侠影之谜》等等。《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》的北境场景也取景于此。

  瓦特纳冰川,

  

  位处冰岛北部的米湖(Mývatn)是冰岛第四大湖泊，湖中散布着众多小岛。米湖及其周边地区以旖旎的自然风光、活跃的鸟类生活与活跃的火山地热活动而闻名遐迩，是冰岛旅行不容错过的经典景区之一。

  地质奇妙、风景如画的米湖还曾在诸多热门影视剧作中现身。《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》的北境就曾于此取景。

  米湖地质

  米湖位处地热区，紧邻火山区，活跃的地热火山活动在这里塑造出奇妙的地质景观。著名的克拉夫拉火山(Krafla)就位于米湖旁，而Víti“地狱”火山口即居于火山中。

  米湖中的小岛仿佛由天外飞星陨石撞击而成，实际上则是名为的“破火山口”或“假火山口”的地质奇观。滚热的岩浆流经水体，导致蒸汽爆炸，火山碎屑虽沉积为火山口的形状，但这些凹陷却不与任何岩浆房连通，故名“假火山口”。许多造型奇诡的玄武岩柱也从米湖地表突兀竖起，这些石柱则形成于岩浆的骤然冷却。

  米湖地下涌动的地热力量也塑造出了冰岛常见的地热温泉。在米湖天然温泉，游客能够以实惠的价格体验富含矿物质的温润泉水，感受“冰岛北部蓝湖”的魅力。

  米湖野生动物

  

  虽然没有憨态可掬的海鹦，米湖仍是冰岛的最佳观鸟地点之一。喜欢海鹦的游客可以在每年夏季，即5～9月期间来冰岛旅行，在西峡湾的拉特拉尔角(Látrabjarg)、冰岛南岸的迪霍拉里岬角(Dyrhólaey)寻找这些小生物的踪迹。

  米湖是世界上的最佳观鸭地点，这里生活着13余种鸭子，还有许多品种每年来此栖居。最常见的鸭种是可爱的白脸晨凫。

  米湖地区植被茂盛、食物充足，因此也有多种鼠类栖居于此，而冰岛唯一的野生动物北极狐就以鼠为食。

  米湖最珍奇的植被则要属球藻，也称海藻球(marimo)。这些毛茸茸、绿油油的可爱球形藻十分罕见，仅在日本、苏格兰、爱沙尼亚、澳大利亚与冰岛有所分布。

  米湖周围景点

  米湖本身的景色令人流连，米湖地区也集聚了众多自然胜景。黑暗城堡(Dimmuborgir)熔岩群形成于火山运动，黝黑的熔岩造型诡异骇人，神秘而暗黑的氛围油然而生。传说黑暗城堡就是冰岛十三个圣诞老人的住所。

  黑暗城堡也是《权力的游戏》的取景地，另一处取景地则是Grjótagjá温泉洞，也即剧中雪诺和耶哥蕊特的定情之地。温泉的温度起伏不定，如今已经封闭，游客只能在洞穴外观赏。

  Skútustadagígar假火山口与Víti火山口定会令您大开眼界，克拉夫拉火山附近以及Námaskarð地热区的蒸汽孔与地热喷泉也尽显地心深处的澎湃力量。

  米湖位于一号环岛公路沿线，与“冰岛北部首都”阿克雷里(Akureyri)之间交通便利。米湖以东的黛提瀑布则是欧洲最汹涌、最高、水能最丰富的瀑布，也曾在《普罗米修斯》等电影中现身。阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi)则牵引出另一段奇妙的北欧传说；这座马蹄形的峡谷传说就是由众神之首奥丁的八蹄神马踩出的一道足迹。

  米湖,

  

  Dimmuborgir, or the Black Fortress, is a dramatic expanse of lava in the Lake Mývatn area. Steeped with folklore, it is one of the most popular destinations for travellers to north Iceland.

  Geology of Dimmuborgir

  Dimmuborgir was formed in an eruption that occurred in the area 2,300 years ago; the Lake Mývatn area is highly volcanic, as can be further seen in nearby locations such as the geothermal Námaskarð Pass, the hot spring cave Grjótagjá, and the dramatic Krafla fissure.

  As lava flowed across the area, it passed over a lake, causing it to boil. This both quickened the cooling of the lava and caused pillars of steam to shatter parts of it. After it solidified, Dimmuborgir area became defined by large stacks of rock and many caves and caverns, caused by bubbles of intense steam.

  As such, many have compared Dimmuborgir to a medieval castle, with its many hidden chambers and its rising towers.

  Folklore of Dimmuborgir

  In Icelandic culture, lava caves are allegedly the homes of the nation’s brutal and vile trolls. The most famous of these were the half-troll, half-ogre Grýla and her submissive husband Leppalúði. Grýla was renowned for her insatiable appetite for children, and her gigantic pet cat, that would eat children over the Christmas period for not getting any clothes (encouraging kids to finish their weaving, knitting and sewing chores before the season set in).

  Grýla and Leppalúði had thirteen sons who lived in Dimmuborgir and are now known as the ‘Icelandic Santa Clauses’ or Yule Lads. On the thirteen nights before Christmas, these trolls come one by one to terrorise Icelanders, each with their own strategy after which they were named.

  Sheep-Colt Clod, for example, would harass livestock; Skyr-Gobbler would steal and lick the house's supplies of yoghurt-like skyr; and Window-Peeper would stare into houses, looking for things to burgle.

  Like most frightening Icelandic stories, the Yule Lads were most likely created to keep children from going out into the cold Icelandic winter nights, where many disappeared without a trace for centuries. As the nation modernised, they became mischievous tricksters rather than devilish monsters. Now, they have been ‘Americanised’; rather than traditional Icelandic garb, they wear Santa costumes, and although they still steal skyr, they now also bring gifts.

  Due to Iceland’s remoteness and fondness for storytelling, the nation developed many unusual Christmas traditions.

  During the Christianisation of Iceland, Dimmuborgir developed a new set of tales. Many began to believe, due to its starkness, that it was where Satan landed when cast from heaven, and where he created the catacombs to hell.

  Dimmuborgir in pop culture

  Dimmuborgir recently saw a surge in popularity, as it was featured on HBO’s Game of Thrones. In the series, it is where Mance Raider held his wildling army. It was shot here in winter.

  The popular Norwegian black metal band Dimmu Borgir is also named after the area. 

  黑暗城堡,

  

  Snæfellsjökull is a glacier-capped volcano found on the tip of the Snæfellsnes Peninsula in west Iceland. It stands in a National Park of the same name, one of the only three National Parks in the country.

  It stands at 1,446 metres (4,744 feet) tall, and on clear days, is visible across the bay from Reykjavík. The stratovolcano beneath Snæfellsjökull is 700,000-year-old.

  The mountain is actually called 'Snæfell' (Snowy Mountain), though the 'jökull' (Glacier) is often added to help distinguish it from other mountains of the same name.

  For the first time in recorded history, Snæfellsjökull had no snow or ice at its peak in August 2012, causing concern amongst locals that climate change is threatening the nature of the mountain.

  History

  Snæfellsjökull has several small villages surrounding it, including Hellissandur, Rif and Ólafsvík, all of which were some of the busiest commercial and fishing hubs in the country for much of the last millennium.

  Fishing took off primarily in the 13th-Century, with fishing stations being built in all areas with easy access to the open ocean. The Snæfellsnes Peninsula was a notable centre of this industry, due to the fertile waters within Breiðafjörður bay.

  One notable example would be the settlement of Dritvík; in spite of its minuscule size today, it once utilised around forty to sixty boats and employed up to six hundred people.

  Fishing in the region declined during the 19th century due to change in Iceland’s industry and fish stocks, though it is still an important source of livelihood for those living on the Peninsula.

  The Snæfellsjökull National Park was established in 2001, and tourism is rapidly changing the trade of the area.

  In Folklore

  Snæfellsjökull has, for centuries, been considered to be one of the world’s ancient power sites, a source of mysticism, energy and mystery for the peninsula’s superstitious population.

  The feature takes a prominent role in Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss, a late 14th-century saga that tells the story of  Bárður, half-human-half-troll, who became the 'guardian spirit of Snæfellsjökull'.

  There are many rock formations on and around Snæfellsjökull that are said to be trolls petrified by sunlight, or else homes of the hidden people.

  On November 5th, 1993, thousands of people came to Snæfellsjökull as some paranormal enthusiasts believed there would be an alien landing; CNN even showed up with a camera crew. Though the evening passed without a galactic invasion, the incident shows the strange significance of Snæfellsjökull to many.

  In Literature

  Snæfellsjökull serves as the entrance to a fantastical subterranean world in Jules Verne’s classic 1864 novel 'Journey to The Centre of The Earth.' Given its central place in the novel, Snæfellsjökull has become one of the most popular spots for visitors in Iceland and has inspired a wealth of writers, poets and artists.

  Since 'Journey to The Centre of The Earth', Snæfellsjökull has appeared in the ‘Blind Birds’ trilogy by Czech science fiction writer Ludvík Souček (partially based on Jules’ work) and in ‘Under The Glacier’, a novel by Iceland’s only Nobel laureate, Halldór Laxness.

  Nearby Attractions

  

  Along with the glacier, attractions on the Snæfellsnes Peninsula include the two nearby basalt cliffs called Lóndrangar and the many fascinating lava formations at the beautiful Djúpalónssandur beach, such as the arch rock Gatklettur.

  At Djúpalónssandur, one can also test their muscle as historic sailors once did with the four 'strength' stones, Amlóði ('Useless'), Hálfdrættingur ('Weakling'), Hálfsterkur ('Half Strength') and Fullsterkur ('Full Strength').  

  In the area, one can also explore the Saxhóll volcano crater and 'the singing cave' Sönghellir, which is named after the loud echoes inside.

  斯奈菲尔冰川,

  

  位于冰岛南岸的斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)宽约25米，高约60米，是冰岛境内规模最大、最负盛名的瀑布之一。丰沛的瀑流激起无数水花，在阳光照射下常有彩虹高悬于瀑布之上，故也有“彩虹瀑布”的美誉。

  发源自Skógá河的斯科加瀑布造型经典恢弘，在一号环岛公路上即可眺望到瀑布的壮丽景致，聆听到瀑布的隆隆水声。斯科加瀑流汇聚成溪，溪流中生活着大量北极红点鲑与三文鱼，夏季时常有人来此垂钓。

  斯科加瀑布下的陆地十分平坦，游客可以直接行走到瀑布的宽阔水幕边，感受水花击面的快意；但游客需准备防水衣物，以防被瀑流打湿。游客也可以沿阶梯攀登至瀑布顶端，在开阔的观景平台上俯视冰岛南岸全景；阶梯陡峭，请游客量力而行。

  斯科加瀑布周边景点

  斯科加瀑布位于斯科加小镇(Skógar)旁，艾雅法拉冰川火山以南。游客可以在此游览几座小众博物馆。在斯科加民俗博物馆(Skógasafn)，游客可以参观古老的木屋与草顶房建筑，欣赏冰岛的传统手工艺作品。

  斯科加博物馆还设有以“交通”为主题的展览馆，展示冰岛交通、通讯与科技的历史变迁；数百年间，从骑马到驾车，从书信到电子设备，冰岛以令人惊异的速度实现了现代化。

  斯科加博物馆另设有咖啡厅与纪念品商店，斯科加小镇上则开设有酒店与餐厅。

  冰岛著名的菲姆沃罗豪尔斯(Fimmvörðuháls)徒步路线就位于斯科加瀑布以东，这条22公里的徒步线路将带领游客沿斯科加河而行，穿梭于米尔达斯(Mýrdalsjökull)、艾雅法拉(Eyjafjallajökull)两座冰川之间，进入绝美的索斯莫克峡谷(Þórsmörk)。

  斯科加瀑布的民间传说

  斯科加博物馆中展出了一只金环。据民间传说记载，该地区最早的维京定居者之一Þrasi Þórólfsson曾拥有一只宝箱，金环原本就嵌于宝箱之上。公元900年，Þrasi预感大限将至，就将装满黄金的宝箱藏入斯科加瀑布后的洞穴中。

  许多人都曾试图取出宝箱，而当人们抓住宝箱一侧的手环时，手环突然脱落，宝物便也永久地消失了。这只金环后被赠予当地教堂，成为教堂的门环。如今金环安静陈列在博物馆中，默默无语地诉说着千年以来的传说与历史。

  斯科加瀑布,

  

  塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)位于冰岛南岸，坐落于冰岛一号环岛公路旁，高约60米，造型似“水帘洞”，可穿行至瀑布后方。

  便利的交通与旖旎的风光使其成为了冰岛最著名、最多游客到访的瀑布之一。塞里雅兰瀑布也是摄影师镜头下的宠儿，在许多风景大片之中都可以找到它的身影。

  地理位置与周边景点

  塞里雅兰瀑布由冰川融水滋养，与塞里雅兰河(Seljalandsá)均发源于埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)；冰盖下掩埋的火山曾在2010年大爆发，造成了当时欧洲航空交通瘫痪。

  塞里雅兰瀑布的水帘狭长，从高耸的古老海崖上飞流直下，而这处悬崖在古时曾是冰岛海岸线的所在地，随着时间推移与地质变迁，逐步演变成如今的形貌。

  

  塞里雅兰瀑布最显著的特色就是水幕后面有一条可以步行的通道。在夏天，游人可以沿着这条步道走到瀑布的后方，隔着水幕欣赏冰岛南岸葱郁的夏色。冬季时，由于水幕后的洞穴上方经常悬挂着冰柱，岩石也全被冰雪覆盖。出于安全考虑，这条小径通常不会开放。

  如果想穿越瀑布，游人要有被水气沾湿的心理准备。瀑布后方的岩石与小径也会因水气而变得湿滑，游览时请务必小心足下。

  2001年，塞里雅兰瀑布的两侧安装了灯照，让游人在没有午夜阳光照耀的冬季也可以欣赏到瀑布的胜景。

  在游览塞里雅兰瀑布过后，不要忘记也去旁边的秘密瀑布(Gljúfrabúi)一游。秘密瀑布隐藏在一面巨大的岩壁后，是独具冰岛特色的惊喜小众景点。

  冰岛南岸的另一大瀑布斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)也位于塞里雅兰瀑布不远处，也是游人们造访南岸必到的旅游景点。斯科加瀑布与塞里雅兰瀑布同高，虽不能像塞里雅兰瀑布一样绕行，瀑流却更宽阔，水力更磅礴，呈现出迥然不同的瀑布胜景。

  设立游客中心的小风波

  2017年，政府宣布准备在瀑布旁建设游客中心。根据设计，游客中心预计高7米，面积2000平方米，但这个想法遭到了这一地区土地所有人的极力反对，主要原因是游客中心的兴建会破坏瀑布的自然之美，也会对当地环境造成影响。

  目前这个建筑项目仍被搁置，当地政府正在考虑减小建筑的规模，或者把建筑地点移到附近的Brekkuhorn农场。

  塞里雅兰瀑布与流行文化

  塞里雅兰瀑布曾出现在贾斯汀·比伯《I’ll Show You》的MV之中，但贾斯汀在音乐录影带中演示了许多破坏冰岛环境以及让自身陷入危险的不良行为，例如肆意践踏珍贵的苔藓、赤身走入杰古沙龙冰河湖等，大家到冰岛旅行时千万不要效仿。

  塞里雅兰瀑布也曾被美国电视台真人秀《极速前进》(The Amazing Race)第六季设为挑战的第一站。

  塞里雅兰瀑布,

  

  盖歇尔地热区(Geysir)是举世闻名的间歇泉喷发区，坐落于冰岛西南岸的Haukadalur山谷中。

  辛格维利尔国家公园(Þingvellir)、黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)与盖歇尔地热区共同组成了冰岛最热门的黄金圈景区。

  盖歇尔间歇泉地理特征

  盖歇尔间歇泉的喷发强度曾为所有间歇泉之首，如今却鲜少喷发，而Haukadalur山谷中还分布着多座间歇泉，其中就包括最为活跃的史托克间歇泉(Strokkur)，以及规模更小的Smiður与Litli-Strokkur。

  史托克间歇泉是世界最活跃的间歇泉之一，每隔5～10分钟就喷发一道沸腾的水柱，高达20～40米，场面颇为壮观。许多游客都会准备好相机，拍下史托克陡然喷发的壮丽一瞬。

  

  盖歇尔间歇泉规模更大，但如今的喷发频率极低，间隔数年方能喷发一次；而盖歇尔常常是不喷则已，一喷惊人，水柱高度可达70余米。

  盖歇尔间歇泉以北分布着许多蒸汽孔，散发的滚滚蒸汽在凉爽的冰岛空气中徐徐飘动，别是一番外星般的奇妙风光。蒸汽孔周围的土地则被硫磺等矿物漆染，大地呈现出斑斓的地热色彩交织。

  山谷南部的Þykkuhverir沸泥潭则仿佛是童话故事中巫婆的大锅，如锅炉般一刻不停地冒泡。沸泥潭实际上也是蒸汽孔的一种，泥浆干涸后便成为普通蒸汽孔。

  盖歇尔间歇泉周边小众景点

  Kúalaug天然温泉与盖歇尔间歇泉相距2公里，温泉最多可容纳3～5人，水温在39～43°C之间。在体验温泉时，要格外注意保护该地的脆弱生态。温泉底部为土壤，因此水中混有些许泥浆；温泉底部生长有湿滑的水藻，游客需注意安全，以防跌倒。

  Haukadalur山谷虽为地热区，但经过不断的植树造林，这里也生长起一片颇为茂盛的森林。Haukadalsskógur是冰岛南岸的最大森林之一，游客可以经由林中小径漫步，参观林中植被，以及为纪念林务员Gunnar Freysteinsson而修建的树木博物馆。

  盖歇尔地热区的文化历史

  自冰岛有人定居开始，Haukadalur山谷就一直有人居住，人们还曾在此修建教堂。冰岛11世纪的著名历史学家Ari Þorgilsson就成长于此；冰岛第一所牧师学校就建立于此。Haukadalskirkja教堂为木质教堂，其建筑风格可追溯至1842年，展现着冰岛工业化进程开始前的建筑风情。

  Hotel Gullfoss酒店距盖歇尔地区约7公里；Hotel Geysir酒店则与景区仅一路之隔，景区设施齐全，设有咖啡厅以及纪念品商店。

  盖歇尔间歇泉,

  

  黄金瀑布(Gullfoss)又译为居德瀑布、古佛斯瀑布，发源自冰岛西南部的Hvítá白河，是冰岛最壮丽、最著名的瀑布之一。

  Hvítá白河发源自朗格冰川(Langjökull)；河流跌落32米，历经两级阶梯，最终汇入峡谷，塑造了黄金瀑布这座壮观的双层瀑布。黄金瀑布与辛格维利尔国家公园、盖歇尔间歇泉地热区共同组成了冰岛最受欢迎的旅行景区——黄金圈。

  黄金瀑布分为两层，我们也可将其视为两座瀑布。第一层也即较短的一层瀑布高约11米，第二层瀑布高约21米。瀑布两侧的峡谷岩壁耸拔70余米，一线倾斜后又与开阔的Gullfossgljúfur峡谷相接。据地质学家推算，峡谷的形成历史可追溯至末次冰期的冰川洪流。

  黄金瀑布夏季每秒钟的水量可达140立方米，冬季时的水量约为109立方米/秒。丰沛而湍急的水流使得瀑布气势磅礴，令每一位身临其境的游客颇感震撼。

  黄金瀑布是冰岛黄金圈景区的三大景点之一，许多旅行团也从黄金瀑布集合出发，其中最受欢迎的要属在朗格冰川进行的雪地摩托与冰川隧道旅行团。

  黄金瀑布的历史

  

  正因蕴含了丰富的水能，黄金瀑布的磅礴风光才如此引人入胜。黄金瀑布的能量却也引起了外国投资者的兴趣。1907年，一位名为Howell的英国商人就曾设想在黄金瀑布建立水电站。Howell出价购买黄金瀑布，而当时黄金瀑布地段的所有者Tómas Tómasson严辞拒绝，说出了“我不会出卖我的朋友！”这句名言。于是Howell转而选择租用这片土地，以实现修建水电站的计划。

  保卫瀑布的重任落在了Tómas的女儿Sigríður Tómasdóttir身上，她雇用了一位律师，努力以法律的方式捍卫瀑布的自然生态。Sigríður数次往返于官员所在的雷克雅未克与家乡黄金瀑布之间，几度徒步走过100公里的路程，与各方斡旋。为了阻止人们破坏瀑布，Sigríður甚至威胁跳入瀑布，以其生命誓死抵抗。

  Sigríður的抗争终获成功。1929年，Howell撤回其租约，放弃了修建水电站的计划，黄金瀑布也得以保持其原始却美丽的自然生态。Sigríður也常被赞誉为冰岛第一位环境保护主义者，被载入冰岛史册。黄金瀑布旁的石碑上就记载了她的光辉事迹。Sigríður的律师Sveinn Björnsson也是冰岛历史中的重要人物：1944年冰岛建国后的首位总统。

  黄金瀑布景区的餐饮

  在黄金瀑布咖啡厅(Gullfoss Cafe)中，游客可以品尝冰岛特色美食；在黄金瀑布景区的商店中，游客也可以将冰岛特色旅行纪念品带回家。

  黄金瀑布,

  

  埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)，也译作艾雅法拉冰川，是一座举世闻名的冰岛火山，2010年的火山大爆发曾一度阻断欧洲的航空交通。艾雅法拉冰川海拔1651米，是冰岛南岸的主要景点之一。

  地理概况

  艾雅法拉冰川的面积约为100平方公里，是冰岛的第六大冰川。冰岛第四大冰川米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)与其毗邻。与艾雅法拉冰盖一样，米尔达斯冰川下也掩藏了一座活跃的火山，名为卡特拉(Katla)。艾雅法拉火山的爆发震慑了世人，其实卡特拉火山内蕴藏的能量要远远超过艾雅法拉。

  两座火山的岩浆房实则彼此连通，艾雅法拉火山的爆发也意味着，卡特拉火山亦将在本世纪内大规模爆发。

  Gígjökull等多条分支冰川从艾雅法拉注出，许多河流也得到冰川融水的滋养，冰岛南岸塞里雅兰瀑布的水源就来自于艾雅法拉冰川。

  艾雅法拉火山爆发

  冰岛是一个火山之国。1783～1784年的拉基火山大爆发(Laki)在冰岛与世界历史上都记下了浓墨重彩的一笔，巨量火山灰从冰岛飘至欧洲大陆，甚至间接导致了法国大革命的爆发。2010年3月20日、4月15日，历史再次重演，艾雅法拉火山两度喷发，滚滚浓烟从火山口源源不断地涌出。

  最危险的还不是火山岩浆，而是随之而来的能够摧毁一切的强劲冰川洪流。800人从该地区撤离，动物被挪至室内，有呼吸系统问题的居民也必须留在室内。

  欧洲的航空交通因火山爆发而全面阻滞，截止4月15日晚，火山灰已抵达英国、斯堪的纳维亚与德国部分地区。欧洲旅客们的行程也被滞留了8天之久，在苏格兰与爱尔兰地区，部分航班甚至被推迟了一月之久。

  火山爆发中并无人员伤亡，但冰岛南部居民的呼吸系统却受到了不同程度的影响，许多农场也被火山灰与冰川洪流摧毁。

  自公元874年冰岛有人定居以来，艾雅法拉火山曾爆发了4次，分别在公元920年、1612年、1821～1823年以及2010年。19世纪的火山爆发中逸出了大量氟化物，深刻影响了当时的冰岛人与冰岛动物的骨骼构造。

  今朝的艾雅法拉火山

  如今冰岛南岸已经重归平静，艾雅法拉也成为了颇受欢迎的安全旅游景点。在Hvolsvöllur小镇，游客可以参观火山展览，了解Þorvaldseyri农场在火山爆发后的重建与新生。

  冰岛的火山都被严密监控着，游客无需担心会在冰岛旅行时遭遇火山爆发的危险。近期内，艾雅法拉火山没有爆发的可能，但卡特拉冰川已在“蠢蠢欲动”。

  埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖,

  

  Strokkur is Iceland’s most visited active geyser. One of the three major attractions on the world-famous Golden Circle sightseeing route, it is usually visited alongside Gullfoss Waterfall and Þingvellir National Park.

  Strokkur is found in the Geysir Geothermal Area, titled after the Great Geysir, which lent its name to all others across the world. It is the greatest active geyser on site; Geysir itself is in a period of inactivity. Strokkur erupts more regularly than Geysir ever did, blasting water to heights of around fifteen to twenty metres every five to ten minutes, although it is known to reach up to forty metres. 

  Strokkur and Haukadalur Valley

  

  Strokkur is the primary feature of the Haukadalur valley and the main reason why it is one of the most visited sites in the country. While Geysir will very occasionally still erupt to enormous heights, it is nowhere near reliable enough to justify the area’s popularity.

  Haukadalur valley, however, has many other features that make it worth a visit. The natural beauty of the area is shaped by the forces of the earth; fumaroles, hot-springs, mud-pits and other little geysers are littered around, and the ground itself is dyed vividly by elements such as sulfur (yellow), copper (green) and iron (red).

  Opposite the main geothermal area in Haukadalur Valley is a restaurant, cafe, hotel and luxury gift shop.

  Science behind Strokkur

  

  Active geysers like Strokkur are rare around the world, due to the fact that many conditions must be met for them to form. They are thus only found in certain parts of highly geothermal areas.

  The first condition that is necessary is an intense heat source; magma must be close enough to the surface of the earth for the rocks to be hot enough to boil water. Considering that Iceland is located on top of the rift valley between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, this condition is met throughout most of the county.

  Secondly, you will need a source of flowing underground water. In the case of Strokkur, this comes from the second largest glacier in the country, Langjökull. Meltwater from the glacier sinks into the surrounding porous lava rock, and travels underground in all directions.

  Evidence of this flowing water can be found in Þingvellir National Park, where there are many freshwater springs flowing straight from the earth.

  Finally, you need a complex plumbing system that allows a geyser to erupt, rather than just steam from the ground like a fumarole. Above the intense heat source, there must be space for the flowing water to gather like a reservoir. From this basin, there must be a vent to the surface. This vent must be lined with silica so that the boiling, rising water cannot escape before the eruption.

  Environmental Issues with Strokkur

  One of the main reasons that Geysir entered a period of inactivity was due to the fact soap used to be pumped into the vents to make the eruptions more dramatic; it damaged the structure of the vent and prevented water building up. Strokkur, therefore, is guarded against all interference, with chains keeping visitors a good distance away.

  Unfortunately, however, there have been incidents where people have meddled with its natural state. For example, an artist called Marco Evaristti once poured food colouring into it to make the eruption pink. He defended himself by claiming that nature was open to artists to utiltise and the fact the colouring was all-natural, but he became a pariah amongst many Icelanders, and was arrested and fined (though never paid it).

  史托克间歇泉,

  

  斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)位于冰岛西部，集聚了几乎所有最具特色的冰岛地貌，因此也有“冰岛缩影”之称。

  冰岛三大国家公园之一斯奈菲尔冰川国家公园(Snæfellsjökull)即坐落于半岛之上。公园环绕巨型冰川火山而建，秀丽的瀑布、巍峨的山峰、嶙峋的熔岩、宁静的海滩、可爱的渔村小镇点缀着半岛绵长的海岸线。这里还流传着许多奇诡的传说故事，在冰岛人之间代代相传。

  在天气格外晴朗的日子，从冰岛首都雷克雅未克的海边也可以遥看到斯奈山半岛的身影。如果将在冰岛逗留超过一个整天，不妨到斯奈山半岛一游。

  斯奈山半岛的自然景点

  

  斯奈山半岛地处雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes)和西峡湾之间，曲折的海岸线绵延90公里。一道山脉系统贯穿半岛，其中包括或活跃或休眠的火山，最著名则是被冰盖覆盖的斯奈菲尔冰川火山。

  自斯奈山半岛南端开始游览，您将首先来到Eldborg火山口。游人可以攀上火山口的顶端，俯瞰周遭美景。继续向前，您将到达六棱玄武岩石壁Gerðuberg，领略鬼斧神工的火山地质。沿着海岸线前行，下一站是Ytri-Tunga海豹沙滩，憨态可掬的野生海豹常在海滩上悠然自得地晒太阳。

  Rauðfeldsgjá峡谷格外迷人，游人可以沿着峡谷前方的小道，踏溪逆流而上，进入峡谷内观赏另一番洞天。造访这个景点需要一定的体力，也不要忘了穿上结实的登山鞋。

  Londrangar海蚀柱于大西洋惊涛中傲然矗立，这片海滩亦有“怪物海岸”之称。嶙峋的火山岩柱成为了许多海鸟的巢穴所在，也使海滩成为了冰岛的观鸟胜地。

  进入斯奈菲尔冰川国家公园，您将邂逅更多地质胜景。这是冰岛三大国家公园中面积最小的一座，却是唯一一座与海洋相连的公园，蕴藏着无数自然宝藏。

  Djúpalónssandur黑沙滩是一片开阔的卵石海滩。古时冰岛渔民用来测试力气的“举重石”仍然置于海滩上，只有可以成功举起石头的人才有资格成为正式的渔民。

  国家公园内还有两个可以在夏季参团造访的火山岩洞：以绝妙回音而闻名的“回音洞”(Sönghellir)以及色彩斑斓、容易到达的瓦汀舍利尔熔岩洞穴(Vatnshellir)。

  矗立于半岛中央的斯奈菲尔冰川无疑是半岛上的明星景点。即使不打算参加旅行团亲自登上冰川徒步，在游览半岛时也不能错过这处景点。法国作家儒勒·凡尔纳的科幻名著《地心探险记》中，通往地球中心的入口就位于斯奈菲尔冰川。冰岛诺贝尔文学奖得奖者哈尔多尔·拉克斯内斯(Halldór Laxness)的《冰川下的基督》的故事背景。

  Berserkjahraun熔岩原坐落于斯奈山半岛北部的Bjarnarhöfn小镇旁，这里曾发生过骇人听闻的杀人案件，更被当地人视为“闹鬼”的地区。斯奈山半岛最受欢迎的景点则非教会山(草帽山，Kirkjufell)莫属。教会山是冰岛最著名的摄影取景地之一，还曾在人气美剧《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》中现身。

  斯奈山冰岛的小镇

  

  斯奈山半岛上散布着许多美丽安详的渔村小镇，主要集中在捕鱼更为方便的半岛北部地区。其中最著名的小镇有阿尔纳斯塔皮(Arnarstapi)、海勒那尔(Hellnar)、 布迪尔(Búðir)、海德利桑德镇(Hellissandur)、欧拉斯维克(Ólafsvík)、 格伦达菲厄泽(Grundarfjörður)和斯蒂基斯霍尔米(Stykkishólmur)等。

  斯蒂基斯霍尔米小镇是半岛上的较大城镇之一，许多游客会预定小镇上的酒店。小镇上有灯塔、教堂、火山博物馆等匠心独运的地标景点，游客还可以从港口乘船出发，穿越布雷扎湾(Breiðafjörður)直接抵达西峡湾地区，沿途还会经过避世胜地弗拉泰岛(Flatey)。

  如果对博物馆与历史文化感兴趣，海德利桑德小镇的“海事博物馆”、欧拉斯维克小镇的“地区博物馆”以及可以品尝到冰岛传统“美食”臭鲨鱼的Bjarnarhöfn小镇鲨鱼博物馆，都值得您一游。

  斯奈山半岛,

  

  雷克雅内斯半岛(Reykjanes，雷恰内斯半岛)位于冰岛西南岸，以熔岩原、火山地貌与活跃的地热活动而闻名。

  火山地热活动

  大西洋中脊横贯雷克雅内斯半岛，亚欧与北美两大地质板块亦于此交界，半岛上的火山地质运动也因此无比活跃，火山喷发与地震时常发生。熔岩原是这座半岛最具标志性的地貌。

  中世纪时，雷克雅内斯半岛频发火山爆发，但近500年来却颇为平静，不过短暂休眠的火山随时都有再次活跃的可能。

  地震在半岛地区仍然十分普遍。2001年，克莱瓦湖(Kleifarvatn)发生地震，湖底裂开后，湖泊面积也随之缩减了20%。克莱瓦湖下也有地热温泉在汩汩喷涌。

  Gunnuhver、Krýsuvik与Svartsengi是雷克雅内斯半岛上的主要地热活动区，Gunnuhver地区以蒸汽迷离的沸泥潭与蒸汽孔而闻名，Krýsuvik地区则分布有奇妙的地热喷泉，沸泥潭中的矿物也将土壤染成斑斓的颜色。Svartsengi地区坐落着一座地热电站，地热泉水的温度高达90°C，每秒流量达475升，从中能够产生76.5兆瓦的强大电力。

  颜色泛绿的火山口湖Grænavatn也是半岛上值得一游的小众景点。富含硫、硅等矿物质的蓝湖温泉也位于半岛之上。

  自然与生态

  雷克雅内斯半岛有着粗犷的地质地貌与淳朴的生态环境。悬崖岩壁上栖息着许多鸟类，著名的Krýsuvikurbjarg鸟崖上就生活着近8万只鸟儿。虽然没有海鹦栖居，人们仍能在这里寻觅到鸬鹚、暴风鹱等鸟类的踪影。

  克莱瓦湖位于Krýsuvíkurbjarg以北。克莱瓦湖也是雷克雅内斯半岛上最大、最深的湖泊。半岛中央的Djúpavatn湖则是一处垂钓的好去处。

  雷克雅内斯半岛上还是观赏到大西洋震撼海浪的完美地点。在距离Krýsuvík不远的Selvogur湾，汹涌的波涛不断凶猛地击向石礁；而在半岛西南部的Reykjanestá岬角，海洋甚至可以掀起30余米高的滔天巨浪。冰岛自然的野性风光与骇人力量有着崇高的壮美。

  半岛上的主要城镇有凯夫拉维克(Keflavík)、桑德盖尔济(Sandgerði)、加尔泽(Garður)、沃加尔(Vogar)、格林达维克(Grindavík)等。凯夫拉维克、尼亚兹维克(Njarðvík)、哈布尼尔(Hafnir)、Ásbrú共同组成了雷恰内斯拜尔(Reykjanesbær)市镇，人口达16000，是冰岛第五大市镇。

  凯夫拉维克国际机场

  位于Miðnesheiði平原上的凯夫拉维克是冰岛国际机场Leifsstöð的所在地，或称凯夫拉维克国际机场，这是冰岛唯一一座国际机场，也是冰岛旅行的门户。

  蓝湖温泉

  举世闻名的蓝湖温泉位于雷克雅内斯半岛南端，是冰岛最受欢迎的旅行景点之一。许多游客会选择在到达冰岛后立即前往蓝湖温泉，在富含矿物质的蔚蓝泉水中放松身心。

  雷克雅内斯半岛,

  

  索尔黑马冰川(Sólheimajökull)是冰岛南岸米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)的一条分支，距离雷克雅未克仅有158公里，是距离首都最近的冰川之一。

  由于距离雷克雅未克较近、便于抵达，索尔黑马冰川是冰岛最热门的冰川徒步地点之一。另一处最受游客欢迎的冰川徒步体验地是东南岸的斯维纳山冰川(Svínafellsjökull)。

  索尔黑马冰川地理概况

  索尔黑马冰川面积广阔，长约8公里、宽约2公里。作为米尔达斯冰川的一支冰舌，索尔黑马冰川和米达冰川之间没有明确的分界，甚至看起来面积更大一些。

  米尔达斯冰川是冰岛第四大冰川，索尔黑马并非其唯一一条分支冰舌。磅礴无垠的冰盖下实则隐藏了冰岛最活跃的火山之一：卡特拉火山(Katla)。

  同样位于该地区的艾雅法拉冰川火山(Eyjafjallajökull)曾经在2010年大爆发，使欧洲航空交通一度瘫痪；根据以往经验，在艾雅法拉火山爆发后，卡特拉火山通常也会随之而爆发，然而目前为止卡特拉仍未有爆发迹象。

  您无需担心在游览冰川时会遭遇火山爆发。冰岛有着完备的火山检测系统，如有迹象，政府会及时通知旅行团营运商与附近居民。只要您报名的冰川或火山旅行团仍然正常出发，就说明火山仍处于安全的状态；您甚至可以参加旅行团，进入冰川或火山的内部一探究竟。

  让人惋惜的是，索尔黑马冰川的面积正在逐年锐减，冰川脚下的冰河湖也因冰川的快速融化而迅速扩大。冰湖每年都会扩展大约一个标准奥运泳池的面积。预计在未来的100年之内，索尔黑马冰川将完全消失。

  全球变暖已经是无可逆转的现实。如果您有幸在索尔黑马冰川消失之前到访，请好好珍惜它日渐消逝的美丽。

  

  索尔黑马冰川成为冰岛必游景点的原因有三：首先，冰川位于冰岛一号环岛公路沿线，易于到达，无论是顺时针还是逆时针环岛都会经过冰川。其次，冰川周围没有高耸的山脉，登顶后可以一览无余地领略冰岛南岸绝色全景。再次，冰川上有许多高耸的冰墙，十分适合进行攀冰活动，满足户外运动爱好者的挑战欲。

  索尔黑马冰川上还有冰缝、冰裂、冰窟等特色冰川地貌，如果足够幸运的话，甚至还可以发现天然冰洞。与火山灰交杂的冰壁将呈现出黑、白、蓝相间的奇妙颜色，让人产生登上外星球的奇幻错觉。

  索尔黑马冰川下还有一条冰川融水汇集成的河流：Jökulsá á Sólheimasandi。从冰川脚下一路缓缓而流，途径索尔黑马黑沙滩(Sólheimasandur)，冰川河最终汇入海洋。

  索尔黑马冰川旅行团

  不少从雷克雅未克出发的冰岛南岸一日游都会包含索尔黑马冰川游览或者冰川徒步项目，也有许多以索尔黑马冰川徒步为主题的一日游，一天之内即可在首都和索尔黑马冰川之间往返。

  如果参加冰岛南岸一日游到访索尔黑马冰川，旅行团通常还会沿途造访斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)、塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)、雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)等景点，时常更长的一日游还会抵达瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)和杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)。

  想要登上冰川徒步，必须跟随专业向导。冰川向导受过专业训练，对冰川地貌更加了解，能够保证游客的旅行安全。旅行团运营商还会为游客准备必需的安全装备：冰爪、冰镐、头盔等，参加者需要自行准备保暖防风的衣物和结实的登山鞋。

  在正式开始冰川徒步前，向导将介绍安全装备的使用方法，讲解冰川上的安全须知。准备参加冰川徒步的游客最好懂英文，能够听懂向导的安全讲解，或者有同行翻译陪伴。出于安全考量，旅行团向导有权利拒绝不理解安全须知的游客参团。

  索尔黑马冰川,

  

  Mýrdalsjökull is a glacier in the south of the Icelandic highlands. It is the country's fourth largest ice cap, covering nearly 600 square kilometres (232 square miles), and its highest peak is almost 1500 meters tall. It is most well-known for sitting atop the notorious and explosive volcano, Katla.

  Mýrdalsjökull is visible from Route 1 on the South Coast, sitting to the north of the village of Vík. It is visited on some snowmobiling, ice caving and helicopter tours, and one of its glacial outlets, Sólheimajökull, is the most popular place in the country for ice-climbing and glacier hiking.

  Eruptions beneath Myrdalsjokull

  Since 2010, the world has known of the volcano beneath Eyjafjallajökull; after all, it halted European air travel for over a week and stumped news readers everywhere. Few, however, are aware of the much larger volcano right beside it.

  Mýrdalsjökull conceals Katla, one of the country’s most active volcanoes, having erupted, on average, once every fifty years since 930 AD. Because of the glacier above it, these eruptions tend to cause enormous ash clouds. It is these ash clouds that lead to flights being grounded, crops and livestock poisoned, and have the potential to change the world’s climate.

  

  The last major eruption beneath Katla was in 1918, in which such huge lahar floods occurred that the southern coastline was extended five kilometres outwards. This area is also very susceptible to glacial floods, or 'jökulhlaup', during eruptions, even when the lava does not break through the surface of the ice. These are as dangerous as the lava itself, having wiped out whole Icelandic villages before.

  Historically, the area was little settled for this reason.

  Katla is connected to the same volcanic system as Eyjafjallajökull and usually erupts violently a few years after Eyjafjallajökull does. As the ex-president, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson said in 2010:

  ‘The time for Katla to erupt is coming close… it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over Europe and the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption’

  So it is currently several years overdue. Katla is monitored heavily, and roads around it closed when seismic activity increases. All road closures around Iceland can be found on Road and Coastal Administration's website.

  Tours on Myrdalsjokull

  While there are no eruptions immediately imminent, tours continue to run onMýrdalsjökull, allowing visitors to enjoy the glacier. It is, for example, possible to snowmobile across its surface throughout the year and take ice caving tours beneath it from October to April, with departures from both Reykjavík and Vík.

  Considering the ice caves under Vatnajökull glacier are usually only accessible from November to March, this provides a wider window of opportunity for travellers to Iceland outside of the depths of winter. It should be noted that the caves in Mýrdalsjökull do not have the same blue ice, however.

  Tours around Myrdalsjokull

  Mýrdalsjökull can be seen on all South Coast tours that reach Vík and beyond in clear weather. It can also be seen from above on helicopter tours that depart from Reykjavík.

  The best perspectives of the glacier, however, can be found on the popular Fimmvörðuháls hiking trail, which goes between Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull. Part of this hike can be done in a day, or you can take the complete route from Þórsmörk to Skógar on a three-day trek

   

  米尔达斯冰原,

  

  斯卡夫塔山是冰岛Öræfasveit地区的一个自然保护区，它曾经是一个国家公园，2008年，和杰古沙格鲁夫尔(Jökulsárgljúfur)国家公园合并为如今的瓦特那冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull National Park)。

  斯卡夫塔山的自然景点

  斯卡夫塔山地区的植被非常有特色，它们生长在沙地与冰川形成的特色地貌上，给整个地区带来盎然生机和独特的自然风光，游人很容易就会在这个地区内发现飞泻而下的瀑布、静谧的冰河湖、火山特色地貌和黑沙滩。这些多样化的景致也让斯卡夫塔山自然保护区成为了受摄影爱好者们欢迎的景区。

  正如冰岛南岸许多地区一样斯卡夫塔山自然保护区内有着许多绝色的徒步路线，也有“冰岛徒步天堂”之称。与冰岛另一个长途徒步天堂—中央内陆高地地区不同，斯卡夫塔山景区内的徒步路线通常都只需要大半天时间就可以完成。

  从斯卡夫塔山游客中心就有一条非常简单的徒步路线，让游人可以沿徒步路径通向斯瓦蒂瀑布(Svartifoss，意为黑瀑布，又译为魔鬼瀑布)、Hundafoss瀑布，以及斯卡夫塔山冰川(Svínafellsjökull)，远处是Kristinartindar山和Morsardalur山谷。

  对于户外运动爱好者来说，斯卡夫塔山地区内是可以报名旅行团体验冰川徒步或者攀冰活动的最佳地点之一；如果有丰富的徒步登山经验，更可以选择报名难度高的冰岛最高峰华纳达尔斯赫努克火山(Hvannadalshnjúkur)的徒步旅行团，跟随经验丰富的徒步向导，登顶冰岛最高峰。

  你也可以选择静态的活动，例如前往冰岛南岸大名顶顶的旅游景点—杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)、钻石冰沙滩(Diamond Beach)观景游玩，体验冰岛冰川静谧之美。

  

  如何前往斯卡夫塔山

  斯卡夫塔山自然保护区位于冰岛东南部一号环岛公路旁，从首都雷克雅未克(Reykjavík)出发，需要大约4小时车程才可以到达。由于冰岛一号公路南岸沿途有许多大牌景点，游人通常都会采取边玩边走的方式慢慢朝斯卡夫塔山进发，因此实际从雷克雅未克到斯卡夫塔山会比预计的4小时长出许多。

  雷克雅未克与斯卡夫塔山之间有着许多著名的冰岛著名旅游景点，其中包括南岸著名两大瀑布：塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)、斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)；赫赫有名的米达冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)、埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)；广袤的Sólheimasandur黑沙滩、Skeiðarársandur黑沙滩；有着特色火山岩石的迪霍拉里(Dyrhólaey)海岬、以及本身就是冰岛代表性岩石的雷尼斯岩柱群(Reynisdrangar)。如果需要中途停歇、加油或者补充干粮，则可以选择在途径的维克镇(Vík)和教堂镇(Kirkjubæjarklaustur)内进行。

  斯卡夫塔山游客中心

  在斯卡夫塔山的游客中心(Skaftafell Visitor Center)，你可以找到此地区最完备的信息，以及它的历史、地理知识。你可以了解以此为出发地的各个徒步线路、观光建议、住宿选择等。

  在斯卡夫塔山地区也有郊区酒店方便准备在这个地区深度游览的游客落脚，但如果希望入住这些酒店，必须提许久预定—斯卡夫塔山是非常热门的冰岛住宿地点，住宿很容易被提早订满。如果你没办法预定区内的酒店，也可以考虑预定距离保护区不远霍芬镇(赫本镇,Höfn)或者教堂镇(Kirkjubæklaustur)内的住宿。

  斯卡夫塔山,

  

  Eyjafjörður is a fjord in North Iceland, over 70 kilometres (47 miles) in length from the mouth to the bottom of the fjord.

  Features of Eyjafjörður

  There are high mountains on both sides, the highest being Kerling at 1538 metres (5046 feet).

  The capital of the North, Akureyri (ca. 18,000 inhabitants), lies at the bottom of the fjord. There is a wealth of culture in the town, with many museums, galleries, and the world’s northernmost botanical gardens.

  Five smaller fishing villages scatter the shores, and there are many farms inland. Agriculture, fisheries and tourism are the driving industries of the fjord’s economy.

  Wildlife in Eyjafjörður

  Eyjafjörður has a wealth of wildlife due to its fertile waters. As such, it is one of the best places in the country for whale watching and puffin watching.

  Throughout summer, whale-watching tour operators often boast one hundred percent sightseeing rates. The most common species are Humpbacks, White Beaked Dolphins and Harbour Porpoises, but Orcas, Blue and Fin Whales are often spotted too.

  Puffins nest on the islands of Eyjafjörður throughout the summer months, and many boat tours go out to see them shuffling on the rocks, flying overhead and fishing in the waters.

  埃亚峡湾,

  

  Borgarfjörður is a fjord and a district in south western Iceland, by Faxaflói bay. It covers the coastal land between Reykjavík and the Snӕfellsnes Peninsula.

  Economy, History & Culture

  Though mostly rural, several townships are in the fjord, the largest being the town Borgarnes, with a population of around 1763 people. This is a commerce and service centre for a large part of the southwest. Of particular note  here for travellers are the Settlement Centre and the Centre for Puppet Art.

  Another town, Hvanneyri has an Agricultural University and a museum showing the developing of Icelandic farming. The latter building also has an interesting handicraft centre.

  Reykholt, though small in size, is one of the most historically important places in the country and hosts a centre for medieval studies, Snorrastofa.

  Snorrastofa is named after writer and chieftain Snorri Sturluson, author of Snorra-Edda and Heimskringla. Snorri's Edda is the most important historical source we have about the Norse Gods and the history of Scandinavia.

  Among the many who have found inspiration in it are author J.R.R. Tolkien (most famous for The Lord of the Rings), G. R. Martin (most famous for Song of Fire and Ice) and composer Richard Wagner with his four operas collectively named Der Ring des Nibelungen.

  Nature

  Hvíta river runs through the fjord, but should not be confused with the popular rafting river of the same name. This hold the beautiful Hraunfossar waterfalls, which trickle in rivulets out of the Hallmundarhraun lava field. Near here is another famous waterfall, Barnafoss.

  Many of the other rivers in the area are very popular for salmon fishing.

  The mountains of the district are highly scenic and varied, lending further beauty to the area. Many rare minerals have been found here, giving some a beautiful, distinctive colouration. There is still volcanic activity in a few of these mountains, best noted at Deildartunghver, the highest flowing hot spring in Europe.

  Other nature activities that can be enjoyed are horseback riding and lava caving. Riding is popular throughout the area, though caving is best at Viðgelmir, the longest lava cave in Iceland.

   

  博尔加峡湾,

  

  Höfn is an Icelandic fishing town of just over two thousand people in southeast Iceland. It is the most significant settlement on Route 1 between the village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur in the south and Egilsstaðir in the east.

  Geography of Höfn

  Höfn means ‘harbour,’ as the town is located in one of the few natural harbours of Iceland’s South Coast; unlike the rest of the country, this stretch is beachy and flat, and thus there are hardly any small coastal villages when compared to places such as the Snæfellsnes Peninsula.

  The town is right at the tip of its own peninsula, which is easy to reach throughout the year. It sits at the base of Route 99, which detours off from Route 1. It is surrounded on three sides by the ocean, which has been known to freeze over in extreme conditions.

  The town can also be reached by plane in good weather, as it is one of the few locations in the country with a domestic airport.

  The largest glacier in Europe, Vatnajökull, which sits in a National Park of the same name, is within clear view of Höfn.

  Nearby Locations to Höfn

  

  Höfn is most often visited by those driving the full Ring Road of Iceland, as a place to stay just before or after visiting the South Coast or East Fjords.

  It is also visited independently, however, by those seeking to spend enough time near the sites of southeast Iceland, most notably Vatnajökull National Park, the Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon, the Diamond Beach and Vestrahorn Mountain.

  All of these sites are incredible. Vatnajökull, for example, is incredibly diverse, boasting a huge array of different sites to marvel over. In its southwestern corner, for example, it is home to the Skaftafell Nature Reserve, an oasis of unbelievable scenery, whereas to its west sits the mighty mountain Snæfell, renowned for its wildlife such as pink-footed geese and reindeer.

  The Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon has recently been enveloped into the National Park, but warrants its own discussion. Out of all the sites listed, it is here where most visitors to Höfn want to spend the bulk of their time. This lagoon is, in fact, Iceland’s deepest lake, and renowned for being full of great icebergs throughout the year.

  These bergs snap off of a tongue of Vatnajökull glacier, before slowly cruising through the waters towards the ocean. As they travel, they often become resting spots for some of the many seals who live in and around the lagoon.

  The site is marvellous to behold, with a particular appeal for landscape photographers. Visitors, however, should not spend all their time in the lagoon. By following the channel from Jökulsárlón to the ocean, you will come onto the Diamond Beach, where these icebergs wash up on the shore and glisten against the black sands.

  A final site in southeast Iceland, closer to Höfn than those previously listed, is Mount Vestrahorn. This jagged peak is ominous and dramatic, with two sharp peaks that have created the nickname ‘the Batman Mountain.’ Another favourite amongst photographers, it’s distinct silhouette and colouration make it the perfect subject regardless of the weather.

  Culture at Höfn

  Like many of Iceland’s small, coastal towns, Höfn has a surprising amount of culture. Its cuisine is particularly notable, with the celebration of it coming to a head at the annual Lobster Festival, held every July. This comes as little surprise, considering the town’s long history as an important fishing port.

  Höfn also has several art museums where visitors can admire local handicrafts, although it should be noted, in spite of conflicting evidence on the internet, that the Höfn Glacier Museum is now closed.

  霍芬镇,

  举世闻名的雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)坐落于冰岛南岸，与冰岛最南城镇维克镇(Vík)毗邻。

  玄武岩黑沙滩的异世之美为冰岛特有，一望无垠的雷尼斯黑沙滩绝对是其中最美丽的一座。大西洋的滚滚白浪与黝黑火山砂石形成了梦幻般的色彩对比，于波涛中屹立的巨型玄武岩柱与神秘的黑沙滩相映成趣。早在1991年，《国家地理》就将雷尼斯黑沙滩列为世界十大最值得游览的非热带沙滩之一。

  距冰岛首都雷克雅未克约180公里的雷尼斯黑沙滩，也是冰岛南岸景区最热门的景点之一。

  黑沙滩位于一号环岛公路沿线，路况良好、驾驶容易，距首都约有2.5小时车程，半日之内即可往返参观，也可与南岸其他景点组合。

  黑沙滩的民间传说

  游览雷尼斯黑沙滩时，耸拔于大西洋惊涛之中的雷尼斯岩柱(Reynisdrangar/雷尼斯德兰格)也同样夺人目光。

  根据民间传说记载，这些巨型玄武岩柱是冰岛巨魔的遗骸；黎明破晓时，欲将帆船拖入海中的巨魔遭遇阳光，化为巨石。

  另一则传说却道，一个男人的妻子被两只巨魔掳掠杀害，男人追至雷尼斯黑沙滩，封印住巨魔，为这段悲剧画下结尾。

  雷尼斯黑沙滩与雷尼斯岩柱还曾在现代传奇中现身：《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》第七季就曾在此取景，以求展现绝境长城以北的凛冽风光。

  雷尼斯岩柱如今是海鸟们的栖息家园，北极海鹦、暴风鹱、海鸽等鸟类每年都会来此筑巢，喜爱观鸟的游客一定要到访黑沙滩。

  黑沙滩周边景点

  

  雷尼斯黑沙滩位于冰岛南岸中段，与维克镇毗邻；如果游客沿一号环岛公路自驾南岸，黑沙滩一定是旅程中不容错过的必游自然景点。经过黑沙滩，游客可以继续东行，前往杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)，或继续环岛旅行。

  迪霍拉里海岬(Dyrhólaey)是另一处与雷尼斯黑沙滩紧邻的冰岛自然景点。迪霍拉里是冰岛观鸟的最佳地点之一，海鸟的数目与种类都让黑沙滩地区难以望其项背。每年5～8月，迪霍拉里也是冰岛观海鹦的最佳地点。

  从首都雷克雅未克前往雷尼斯黑沙滩，游客将途径塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)、斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)、艾雅法拉冰川火山(Eyjafjallajökull)、米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)等自然景点；从黑沙滩继续前行，游客将进入瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)，到访斯卡夫塔山自然保护区(Skaftafell)、冰河湖、钻石冰沙滩等闻名遐迩的自然胜景。

  游览黑沙滩的潜在危险与注意事项

  

  游览雷尼斯黑沙滩时，游客需务必注意自身安全，以防发生意外与危险。大西洋的波涛凶悍强劲，浪高且急，极易将靠近海浪的游客卷入寒冷的海中。

  雷尼斯黑沙滩与南极洲一线贯通，中间没有任何陆块，海浪得以积聚数千公里的能量；无论天气是平和还是狂暴，黑沙滩海域时刻都会产生这种突如其来的大浪，将一切沙滩上的人与物恣意卷入海洋。

  游客必须远离海浪，与海洋至少保持30公里的距离。

  雷尼斯黑沙滩,

  

  Reykholt is a tiny village in west Iceland, which was once home to one of the world’s greatest medieval writers. Packed with history and culture, this little settlement should not be overlooked

  Reykholt: Home of Snorri Sturluson

  Reyholt’s fame comes from the fact that it was the home of the legendary writer, historian, chieftain and lawspeaker Snorri Sturluson. Though his name is not well-known outside of the Nordic world, without him we would know much less about medieval northern European history than we do today.

  His two most famous works are Prose Edda and Heimskringla. The former is an account of the Old Norse Mythology, which was otherwise kept alive only by oral tradition.

  It tells about how the pagans thought the world was created and how it would end, and the deities that sparked fear and awe in them, most famously Odin, Thor and Loki. Considered an epic poem akin to Homer’s Odyssey to many, it has inspired the fantasy genre perhaps more than any other work in the world.

  Heimskringla is an account of Norwegian kings, told as sagas. It depicts what most historians consider to be an accurate depiction of relations across northern Europe from the 9th Century to the end of the 12th.

  It is through this work, therefore, that we can learn about how the Vikings related to the kings of places such as the not-yet United Kingdom, how the jarls and clans disputed, and how they formed governments that have lasted to this day.

  Though Snorri is best remembered for his works, his life was also a fascinating tale somewhat similar to that of a Game of Thrones character.

  Aside from being a beloved poet and writer, he was a chieftain and later lawspeaker for Icelandic parliament, as well as a spokesperson, agent and, to some, lackey of the Norwegian king.

  His influence and actions propelled Iceland’s civil war into chaos, and he met betrayal from every side, resulting in his eventual assassination. The taboo of this execution, however, meant that Snorri was remembered as a hero, rather than the divisive figure he often was.

  To add to the Game of Thrones flavour, he was also notorious for infidelity, and fathering children up and down the country.

  In honour of Snorri’s life and works, Reykholt is home to Snorrastofa, a centre on his contribution to medieval studies.

  Reykholt and Surroundings

  

  Even if you have little interest in Snorri, Reykholt is a beautiful town, well worth a visit. It has a wealth of geothermal activity, and one of the country's oldest structures, Snorralaug geothermal pool, can be found here.

  Reykholt is also the closest settlement to the popular waterfalls of Hraunfossar and Barnafoss. The former of these, the ‘Lava Falls’, are serene and unique, while the latter, the ‘Children’s Falls’, is rapid and dramatic.

  It is also close to Deildartunghver, the highest flowing hot spring in Europe.

  If you're looking to stay more than a day in Reykholt or nearby, there are several hotels in the vicinity, among them the the beautifully built boarding school that functions as an Edda-hotel in the summer. There are also a wealth of cabins and bungalows to be rented here.

   

  雷克霍特,

  The mighty Langjökull, the ‘Long Glacier’, is the second-largest glacier in Iceland, at 935 square kilometres (361 square miles). For jeep and snowmobile trips, Langjökull is the most popular glacier in Iceland, and skiing and hiking here is possible as well.

  Highland tracks

  

  Langjökull is located in the Highlands, and two main highland tracks, connecting the north and the south of Iceland, lie alongside it.

  The Kaldidalur road stretches from Þingvellir National Park northwards to Húsafell. The Kjalvegur road, meanwhile lies east of Langjökull and west of Hofsjökull glacier, starting near the famous Gullfoss waterfall to the south, and passing through the beautiful Hveravellir geothermal area to the north.

  The landscape of Langjokull

  Langjökull is about 50 kilometres (31 miles) long and up to 20 kilometres (12 miles) wide, and the ice is around 580 metres (1,903 feet) deep at its thickest. The glacier reaches its highest point in its northernmost part, which is called Baldjökull, rising around 1,450 metres (4,757 feet) above sea level.

  The glacier lies over a massif of hyaloclastite mountains. The tops of these mountains can be seen in certain places on the glacier. It also conceals at least two active volcanic systems, the calderas of which are visible from the air.

  The best known of these systems fuels the geothermal area of Hveravellir, east of Baldjökull. Also in the east lies the Kjalhraun lava field, which formed about 7800 years ago.

  To the northwest of the glacier is another system that produced the vast Hallmundarhraun lava field, through which the Hvítá river runs in the direction of Gullfoss waterfall. Also in the area is Iceland‘s longest lava cave, the fascinating Surtshellir.

  Southwest of Langjökull is the Presthnúkur lava field, fissures of which creep under the ice. South of the glacier is the Lambahraun lava field and even further south lies the Skjaldbreiðarhraun lava field and the Skjaldbreiður shield volcano.

  Compared to other regions in Iceland, the area is considered relatively calm, with only 32 eruptions in the last 10,000 years.

  Into the glacier

  Near the highest peaks of Langjökull exists a man-made ice tunnel, a true spectacle for any visitor passing by the glacier. Designed and constructed by geophysicist and presidential candidate Ari Trausti Guðmundsson, the tunnel exists to allow visitors to explore the inside of a glacier without having to come to Iceland in mid-winter for a chance to see the less-than-reliable ice caves.

  Guests traverse beneath Langjökull's thick ice sheet, experiencing the vivid blue colouration within, and gaining an insight into the glacier's beauty, formation and processes. It is the only place in the world where this is possible. ‘Into the Glacier’ tours are often combined with adventure activities such as snowmobiling.

  Nearby glaciers

  The glaciers located nearest to Langjökull are Eiríksjökull, which conceals the highest mountain in west Iceland, and Þórisjökull. Hrútfellsjökull also lies on the east side of Langjökull.

  Between Þórisjökull and Geitlandsjökull is a valley called Þórisdalur. Along with stunning views, it features prominently in Icelandic folk tales; the outlaw Grettir the Strong of Grettis Saga, for example, is reported to have resided here for one winter.

  Langjokull and the Golden Circle

  

  Iceland’s most popular sightseeing route, the Golden Circle, would not be possible if not for Langjökull glacier; none of its three iconic features would exist in their current state without the melting ice.

  Gullfoss waterfall is the most obvious example of this. The river that feeds into it, the Hvítá, is a glacier river flowing straight from Langjökull; the scale of the ice cap is hinted at by the sheer volume of water that cascades here every second.

  The hot springs at Geysir, meanwhile, are supplied with water underground. Meltwater from Langjökull feeds into the surrounding lava fields, which have very porous rock, and flows in a subterranean river to the geothermal area, where it comes bursting out of the naturally forms vents.

  While Þingvellir would still have its National Park and World Heritage status without Langjökull, which it received for being the original site of what is now the longest-running representative parliament in the world, it would be notably less beautiful.

  Many springs exist throughout the park, also formed by the underground meltwater of the glacier. Due to its long filtration process, the water emerges as some of the clearest naturally occurring water in the world.

  Silfra fissure, therefore, is the best snorkelling and diving location in the country and consistently ranked as one of the top ten places for such activities in the world.

  Global warming

  Langjökull is shrinking fast and concerns have been raised about the glacier due to the effect of global warming. Some researchers fear that if climate change continues at its current rate the glacier may be gone in 150 years. Less optimistic scientists have said it could be gone in as few as 50.

  朗格冰川,

  

  维克镇(Vík)，全名为Vík í Mýdral，是冰岛主岛上最南端的小镇，距离首都雷克雅未克约186公里。

  维克镇是冰岛一号环岛公路南岸沿线的著名旅游景点，无论是租车自驾还是参加冰岛本地旅行团。虽然小镇人口仅为300余人，维克镇的基础设施却十分完备，因此也是冰岛旅行中的重要旅途中转站，是休息、用餐或者住宿的绝佳去处。

  维克镇附近特色

  从首都雷克雅未克抵达维克镇大约需要两个半小时，沿途您将经过不少冰岛南岸的知名景点，其中包括斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)和塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)两大经典瀑布。

  天气晴朗的时候，附近的埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖(Eyjafjallajökull)以及米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)也清晰可见。两座冰川下都掩藏了活跃的火山，埃亚菲亚德拉火山就曾在2010年大爆发，导致了欧洲航空交通大瘫痪。天气条件极好时，游客还有机会远眺到西人岛(Vestmannaeyjar)。

  在抵达维克镇之前，您会首先抵达冰岛著名的观鸟海崖迪霍拉里(Dyrhólaey)。每年夏季5至8月的筑巢季节，海鹦就会来此筑巢栖居，迪霍拉里也将成为冰岛夏季观海鹦的最佳地点之一。

  冰岛最著名旅游景点之一雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)就位于维克镇旁。雷尼斯黑沙滩被誉为全世界最美的非热带沙滩之一，以黝黑神秘的火山沙砾和熔岩地貌而闻名。

  

  在雷尼斯沙滩，您可以找到独具冰岛特色的六棱玄武岩柱群与岩洞，大西洋中则矗立着壮丽的雷尼斯岩柱(Reynisdrangar)。有关雷尼斯岩柱的由来有许多个版本的传说，相传几只想把渔船拖上岸的巨魔因躲避不及阳光而石化，成为了如今的雷尼斯岩柱。

  雷尼斯沙滩是夏天观午夜阳光、冬天观北极光的绝佳地点，但在游览沙滩时一定要注意个人安全，远离大西洋的巨浪，以防危险发生。

  沿着一号公路继续东行，经过Skeiðarásandur黑沙滩，您将进入冰岛最大的国家公园——瓦特纳冰川国家公园(Vatnajökull)。大名鼎鼎的斯卡夫塔山自然保护区(Skaftafell)以及杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)都位于国家公园内。冬季时，许多自驾游客会在游览完冰河湖后返回雷克雅未克；夏季时则有很多人选择继续向北进发，完成冰岛环岛之旅。

  维克镇附近的野生生态

  维克镇依傍着Reynisfjall山，与迪霍拉里海岬也很近。这一区域生活着丰富的鸟类。在小镇徒步，可以看到海鸥、暴雪鹱、海雀等鸟类，夏天更可以找到海鹦。

  维克镇沿海而建，游人也有机会看到海滩上慵懒的野生海豹，甚至还有几率远看到海中的鲸鱼或者海豚。

  维克镇的基础设施

  维克镇是冰岛南部的主要城镇之一，基础设施完备，加油站、商店、咖啡店、超级市场、温泉泳池、不同级别的住宿选择应有尽有，镇上甚至还有羊毛工厂供游人参观。

  维克镇人口很少，如果您对于食物有特别的要求、需要寻找特别的食材，维克镇的超市未必可以完全满足您的需求，最好的方法是从雷克雅未克买好所需的特别食材，带去维克镇食用。

  维克镇,

  

  Hella is a small town of around 781 people (as of 2011), located in South Iceland, around 94 kilometres (58 miles) from the capital. It is an important regional centre for the area.

  History of Hella

  Hella’s history dates back to Iceland’s earliest days. Sitting by the river Ytri-Ranga, it was a source of freshwater and a wealth of salmon for the first settlers to come here. In this case, it is not thought they were Norse, but Irish monks.

  It is suspected that they lived in caves by river. Due to Iceland’s harsh climes, and the fact that the Irish monks often did not stay in Iceland for prolonged periods of time, many caves were used as makeshift homes during this time.

  Hella was not officially ‘founded’, however, until 1927, when a store was built beside the bridge at Ytri-Ranga. The man who brought this establishment to the town was called Þorsteinn Björnsson, and a memorial to him was built in the prospering village on its fiftieth anniversary.

  Economy of Hella

  As tourism has bloomed in Iceland, Hella has benefitted hugely. Located on the ring-road that encircles Iceland, it is a perfect location from which to explore the famous sites of south Iceland.

  Most notable of these are those on the Golden Circle (Gullfoss waterfall, the Geysir Geothermal Area, and Þingvellir National Park) and those along the South Coast (such as the waterfalls Seljalandsfoss and Skógafoss, Reynisfjara beach and the Jökulsárlón glacier lagoon).

  Other, less visited sites, however, are very close and should not be overlooked, like Sólheimar Eco Village, and the Fridheimar Tomato and Horse Farm.

  Because of this boom in tourism, Hella’s economy now relies as much on services as it does its more traditional trades, of industry and agriculture. There is, therefore, a wealth of amenities for travellers, and a wide range of options for accommodation, from cosy guest houses and bungalows to hotels.

  Those taking the ring road around Iceland will, therefore, often spend a night here. Similar closeby towns with similar services and amenities include Selfoss and Hvolsvöllur.

  What to do at Hella

  Many recreational activities are offered from Hella. As mentioned, the Ytri-Ranga is great for salmon fishing, but guests can also enjoy horseback riding, dog-sledding, and sightseeing tours.

  Hiking is also popular from the settlement, particularly in the direction of the notoriously explosive volcano, Hekla, which is within clear view. Many also use Hella as a base before taking multi-day hikes, such as those between Þórsmörk and Landmannalaugar.

  The south-west of Iceland is geothermally very active, and the heated waters are used in the town’s swimming pool, which has several hot-tubs, slides, and facilities for children. Those who want to bathe in geothermal waters more in nature need not travel far, as the Secret Lagoon is nearby.

  Please note, however, that you will likely have to book your Secret Lagoon tickets in advance, whereas at Hella’s swimming pools, you will be fine just showing up.

  In July, Hella hosts a festival that is fun for all the family.

   

  海拉小镇,

  

  The Námafjall Geothermal Area is located in Northeast Iceland, on the east side of Lake Mývatn.

  At this area, also known as Hverir, you will see many smoking fumaroles and boiling mud pots, surrounded by sulphur crystals of many different colours. This sulphur gives the area an overwhelming smell of egg.

  The soil in the area has little vegetation due to the acidity caused by these geothermal processes.

  Around the area is a small hiking trail up to Námaskarð pass and Námafjall mountain, which returns to the highway and the parking lot.

  In 1969 a geothermal power plant was built west of the Námafjall Area. The plant currently produces 3MW of geothermal energy.

  Concerns have raised over current plans to expand the plant to 90 MW. In particular, there have been worries in regards to the effect of the plant on the delicate ecosystem of Lake Mývatn. The head of an environmental NGO has recently called for a new environmental impact assessment on the plans, and the matter continues to be debated.

  Námafjall地热区,

  

  Keflavík International Airport (KEF) is Iceland’s only international airport and the port of arrival for the vast majority of visitors to the country. In 2016 alone, almost seven million passengers went through its gates.

  The History of Keflavík International Airport

  Keflavík International Airport is a relic from the ‘invasion of Iceland’ in World War II, when Allied troops took over the island nation following the defeat of its colonial ruler, Denmark, at the hands of the Nazis.

  The British laid out a landing strip in the town of Garður, but considering Iceland’s incredibly strategic position in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, one strip was not quite enough.

  After taking control of the ‘occupation’, US troops constructed and opened two airfields for military purposes in 1942 and 1943. Though they returned the property after the war, the United States reclaimed it in 1951 after a controversial defence alliance with Iceland.

  This pact, and the general joining of NATO in 1949, caused decades of national protest, comparable to the ‘Women’s Day Off’ marches in 1975 and the ‘Kitchenware Revolution’ which followed the 2008 economic crash. The circumstances of it, however, also allowed decades of development at Keflavík Airport.

  The airport first started to separate civilian and military use in 1987, with the opening of the Leifur Eríksson Terminal. Named after the first European to settle the Americas, it would go on to handle all the guests coming to or leaving Iceland.

  The arrangement that the US would provide Iceland’s defences continues to this day, but their permanent bases at Keflavík were left at the expiration of the treaty in 2006. The airport was thus moved into full control of Icelanders and has expanded as a civilian hub ever since.

  Keflavik International Airport Today

  

  Keflavík International is located on the tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland’s south-westernmost region. The drive to the capital city of Reykjavík is only about forty-five minutes, and there is a bus service that continuously runs between the locations, day and night.

  This service provides guests with the option to stop at the Blue Lagoon en route in either direction, the iconic health spa renowned for its healing azure waters. The lagoon sits between the airport and the capital, refreshing guests after a long flight, or revitalising them in preparation for one.

  The airport itself has all the modern amenities one would expect from a port that experiences so much traffic. It has restaurants, bars and cafés, banks and money transfers, car rental options available, a smoking area and, of course, many options for duty-free shopping.

  Considering the price of and lack of availability of alcohol in Iceland, it is the best place to stock up on any tipple desired for your trip. Otherwise, you will have to locate specialist alcohol shops, which have limited opening hours, are sparse in the remote regions of the country, and have high taxes and duty.

  The main airlines that arrive at and depart from Keflavík are the two national carriers, the prestigious Icelandair and budget airline WOW. Over thirty different carriers have chartered flights to the port, however, which head to over ninety different destinations. This is only ever increasing, with new travel routes emerging as Iceland’s popularity continues to skyrocket.

   

  冰岛凯夫拉维克国际机场,

  

  Kirkjufell，冰岛斯奈山半岛直译为教会山（又译为教堂山），因为外形酷似草帽，在中文中得名“草帽山”。它位于冰岛西部斯奈山半岛之上，距离格伦达菲厄泽小镇（Grundarfjörður）不远，独特的外型吸引了无数世界各地的摄影师和游客到访，是冰岛“被拍摄次数最多”的山峰。

  教会山的山体有着像教堂房顶般陡斜的两侧，从不同的角度欣赏它还会变成像巫婆的帽子或者冰淇淋一样的形状。

  教会山摄影

  高463米的教会山无疑是冰岛西部斯奈山半岛最具代表性的地标。几个世纪以来，它肩负者为航海员和旅行者们提供醒目坐标的功能。随着冰岛旅游业日益发展，它也渐渐成为了摄影师和行摄爱好者们最爱拍摄的冰岛风光之一。

  在距离教会山不远处有三道名为“教会山瀑布”（Kirkjufellsfoss）的小瀑布，步行至瀑布内侧，就能到达拍摄教会山的最佳机位。这个经典机位不但能捕捉到远处的教会山，近处瀑布的湍急水流提供了绝佳前景。

  虽然教会山瀑布的高度不高，但随着冰岛四季的天气气候变化，这道瀑布也会展现出不同的美态—夏季午夜阳光下的妩媚、冬季北极光下的动人，都是让它成为斯奈山半岛必访景点的原因。

  

  教会山的底部有一个面积颇大的湖泊，在无风的日子，平静的湖面犹如明镜般把教会山的影像复刻在水中，为摄影师们制造出又一个绝佳的摄影机会。

  教会山本身也会随着冰岛四季的变化，展现出不同的魅力。阳光充沛的夏季，教会山是葱郁的绿色；冬季时，教会山被积雪染成白色，显得格外纯净、祥和。当然，在冰岛夏天5至8月“极昼”的午夜阳光和9至4月的北极光衬托下，教会山的绝色更是让人心醉。

  如果你是美剧《权力的游戏》的忠实粉丝，应该也不难发现教会山曾多次在剧中露脸。教会山在该剧中被设定为在“城墙以北”，当主角雪诺（Jon Snow）、猎犬（The Hound）追踪异鬼时，教会山就是他们口中所说指的“那座像箭头般的山”。

  教会山徒步

  教会山有一条相当陡峭、可以沿着徒步的小径，挑战者可以边攀登边欣赏周围田野、嶙峋的海岸线、河流等壮丽的全景。登上山顶至少需要大约一个半小时，往返山顶和平地需要至少3小时。

  需要留意的是徒步这座山需要很高且纯熟的登山技巧，不推荐没有登山经验或者初阶者挑战。即使你有丰富的登山经验，也建议你报名参加徒步旅行团，在专业的登山向导带领下进行这次的挑战。

  2018年时，在这里就曾经发生过致命的登山意外，为了避免惨案再次发生，建议一定要量力而为。

  如何前往教会山

  教会山距离格伦达菲厄泽小镇非常近，从冰岛首都雷克雅未克自驾出发到西部斯奈山半岛上的这个小镇只需要大概两小时的车程。到达小镇后，你只需要沿着54号公路开车几分钟，即可抵达教会山。在教会山脚下设有免费的停车场，你可以用自己的旅行节奏在此游览观光。

  如果不租车自驾，可以参加各类斯奈山旅行团，从首都出发来这里观光游玩。

  教会山,

  

  Snæfellsjökull National Park is found on the tip of the Snæfellsnes Peninsula and is one of three National Parks in Iceland. It is named after its crowning glacier and volcano.

  Established in 2001, it is neither the oldest nor the largest National Park; those honours go to Þingvellir and Vatnajökull respectively. Within its borders, however, it has a wealth of sites for visitors to enjoy.

  Features in Snæfellsjökull National Park

  Snæfellsjökull National Park’s main feature is obviously the sub-glacial volcano Snæfellsjökull. This twin-peaked phenomenon is at the tip of the peninsula, and visible across Faxaflói Bay from Reykjavík on clear days.

  It has inspired artists and writers for centuries. Most famously, it was the primary setting for the Jules Verne novel ‘A Journey to the Centre of the Earth’ and the Halldór Laxness novel ‘Christianity Beneath the Glacier’. Beyond its inspiration to artists, the site also provides adventure to thrill-seekers; it is a popular place for both glacier hiking and super jeep tours.

  Another feature within the National Park is the Buðahraun lava field, which encircles the glacier. This moss-coated terrain gives the area a haunting, otherworldly air, especially when grey or snow-coated in the winter months. 

  The coastline is also worthy of some time sightseeing; the beaches of Djúpalónssandur and Skarðsvík have fascinating geology, beautiful seascapes, and interesting histories. The Lóndrangar basalt fortress, however, is perhaps the most dramatic and picturesque example.

  A final feature of the National Park is its lava caves. While most of these are inaccessible, you can take tours into Vatnshellir throughout summer.

  Features Around Snæfellsjökull National Park 

  Snæfellsjökull National Park is adjacent to Arnarstapi and Hellnar on its south, and Hellissandur and Ríf on its north, all historic fishing villages that have managed to preserve the old culture of the peninsula when it was Iceland’s trading hub. All four of these settlements have options for accommodation.

  Within an hour of driving, it is possible to reach many other sites of Snæfellsnes. These include the second most defining mountain on the peninsula, Mount Kirkjufell; Ytri Tunga, a seal-watching beach; and Rauðfeldsgjá, a mightily impressive gorge that slices into a mountainside.

  斯奈菲尔冰川国家公园,

  

  雷尼斯岩柱群(Reynisdrangar)，又译雷尼斯德兰格，位于冰岛南岸的维克镇(Vík)旁，毗邻闻名遐迩的雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)。

  雷尼斯玄武岩矗立于大西洋中，是古时海崖的遗骸。岩柱在海浪中傲然挺立，与雷尼斯山(Reynisfjall)的岩壁相对而望，独有一份神秘的野性与壮美。许多电影与美剧都曾在此取景，其中就包括大热的《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》。

  游览安全事项

  

  雷尼斯岩与雷尼斯黑沙滩是冰岛南岸的著名景点，但在游览时要格外注意旅行安全。因南极洲与黑沙滩之间没有任何能够阻挡浪潮的大型陆地，海浪自南半球即开始蓄势，因此格外强劲汹涌，十分危险。海浪强度与天气无关，即便是在风和日丽的夏季，黑沙滩地区也有可能产生令人猝不及防的凶猛大浪。

  游客必须远离海洋，至少与其保持30米的距离，以防被卷入海洋，发生无可挽回的惨剧。

  民间传说

  

  雷尼斯岩柱的造型鬼斧神工，冰岛也流传着不少与岩柱有关的奇诡传说。

  一则传说道，夜间几只巨魔将一艘船只拖入海中，却选错了时机，在日出天亮时被阳光变为石柱，被永久地封印在岸边。另一则传说则言，两只巨魔杀害了一位妇女，女人的丈夫在黑沙滩上将巨魔变成了石头。

  雷尼斯岩生态

  雷尼斯黑沙滩是观赏雷尼斯岩英姿的经典地点，而在维克镇以及雷尼斯山上，游客还可以以俯视的视角领略雷尼斯岩的震撼规模。

  每年夏天，即5～8月，数以万计的海鹦还会来到雷尼斯黑沙滩地区栖居。海鹦憨态可掬的姿态惹人喜爱，游客有机会近距离观赏它们的萌姿，但一定要记得不要尝试去触摸它们，也不要打扰它们正常的栖息、破坏其栖息地。凶悍的北极燕鸥以及暴风鹱、海鸥等鸟类也会在雷尼斯黑沙滩的上空自由盘旋。

  许多海洋生物也以冰岛为家，海豹、鲸鱼、海豚就有可能在大西洋的惊涛中陡然现身。

  雷尼斯岩柱群,

  

  Haukadalur is a geothermal valley in South Iceland on the popular Golden Circle route. 

  Lying to the north of Lake Laugarvatn, it is home to hot springs, fumaroles, mud pots and geysers, including the famous Great Geysir and the active Strokkur. The area is noted for the vivid colouration of its surrounding hills, caused by elements deep in the earth being brought to the surface by the geothermal activity.

  History of Haukadalur

  Haukadalur has been mentioned in historic writings as far back as 1294, in which its geysers were described following an earthquake that activated them. Since the 18th Century, it has been drawing visitors to the island including two different Kings of Denmark in 1907 and 1922.

  Throughout the 20th Century, images of the Great Geysir erupting at Haukadular began to symbolise Iceland. It’s activity, however, was unreliable, so unnatural efforts were made to stimulate it more regularly, such as lowering the water table in 1935 and pumping soap into it 1981. 

  These, however, limited the geyser’s long-term activity, so that it rarely goes off today, although, in the early 2000s, it did have a period where it was spouting water over 140 metres (459 ft) high. Even so, the geyser Strokkur is still very active, erupting to heights of 30 metres (98 ft) every five to ten minutes.

  Today, most of the near-two million visitors to Iceland will see Haukadalur Valley on their travels.

  Surroundings of Haukadalur

  Haukadalur Valley is located about an hour and a half’s drive inland from Reykjavík, thus making many sites of the South and West easily accessible. The most notable of these are the other points on the Golden Circle: Gullfoss Waterfall (about five minutes away) and Þingvellir National Park (about forty minutes away).

  It is also, however, within an easy driving distance of Flúðir, home of the Secret Lagoon, the Kjölur Highland Road, which leads into Iceland’s interior, Sólheimar eco-village, and Faxi Waterfall.

   

  Haukadalur地热山谷,

  Wikimedia, Creative CommonsChensiyuan 

  Grundarfjörður is a small town found on the north coast of the Snæfellsnes Peninsula in the west of Iceland. It has an approximate population of 872 people and has been twinned with the French town Paimpol since 2004.

  The town’s main industries lie in fishing and fish processing. Grundarfjörður also bears host to substantial ship traffic, a consequence of’ the settlement’s natural harbour.

  More recently, it has become a centre for tourism, due to the incredible beauty of the features on the Snæfellsnes Peninsula. It is developing to meet the needs of those who travel through it.

  Grundarfjörður boasts a public library, a historical centre, a resident’s café and a photography exhibition, Bæringsstofa, which is a collection of pictures by the late Icelandic photographer and honorary citizen of Grundarfjörður, Bærings Cecilsson.

  Asides from accommodation and amenities, Grundarfjörður offers the opportunity to partake in numerous outdoor activities, ranging from horseback riding and camping to ice-climbing.

  One can also find a nine-hole golf course beside the town.

  Kirkjufell Mountain

  

  Visitors to Grundarfjörður will likely visit the town’s main landmark, the photogenic Kirkjufell, which translates to ‘Church Mountain’. Clearly distinguishable, and standing alone on the edge of the sea, its dramatic slopes, steeple-like peak and surrounding shorelines make it one of the country’s most beautiful summits.

  Kirkjufell is often called the most photographed mountain in Iceland, due to the variety of different way you can shoot it, and how starkly different it appears under different lights.

  Besides the mountain itself, one can find Kirkjufellsfoss (Church Mountain Falls), a beautiful three-pronged waterfall, which is often favoured as a foreground.

  Rock climbing is possible up Kirkjufell, but only for the very experienced as there have been accidents before.

  Folklore & History

  Nearby, one can find the town and municipality of Stykkishólmur, which has a population of 1,195, and is a centre of commerce and services for the region. The town, more than any other in the region, is considered mystical, with many folk stories and Sagas referencing it.

  The road from Grundarfjörður to Stykkishólmur crosses a wide lava field known as Berserkjahraun. The name of this lava field is derived from the Eyrbyggja saga, in which it said two berserkers (Viking Warriors) were slaughtered by their master because one of them fell madly in love with own daughter.

  It was said that the master had then pave the road across it before killing them.

  Grundarfjörður is an important historical town in Iceland, having been a centre of trade for the Snæfellsnes Peninsula since at least the 15th century. The town was certified official as one the country’s six designated marketplaces in the year 1786.

  There are a number of antiquity sites around the town, however, that point to the region being well-inhabited as far back as the Viking era.

  Like many places on the peninsula, it is likely that it could have been one of the first inhabited places in the country, due to its harbour and the wealth of fish that live just off its shores.

   

  格伦达菲厄泽,

  
  图片来自 众神瀑布+米湖温泉组合旅行团|阿克雷里出发，奢享温泉体验

  米湖温泉(Mývatn Nature Baths)位于冰岛北部的米湖景区，距离雷恰利兹小镇(Reykjahlíð)两公里左右，是冰岛最热门的地热温泉体验地之一。

  米湖温泉于2004年正式营业，有冰岛北部的“蓝湖温泉”之称。米湖温泉是该地区内最大的天然地热温泉，也日渐受到游客们的欢迎；尤其是如果准备夏季造访，最好提早预定门票。

  米湖温泉设施及门票价格

  米湖温泉围绕一座大型潟湖而建，温泉水温常年维持在36～40摄氏度。温泉富含硫等矿物质，对改善呼吸道及皮肤问题有显著效果。

  米湖温泉设有两个直接坐落于地热温泉上方的桑拿蒸汽房。蒸汽房内温度接近50摄氏度，湿度接近100％，在进入蒸汽房之前要补充充足的水分。温泉内还设有温泉池、独立的儿童戏水池及餐厅。

  米湖温泉成人门票冬季期间(10月～4月)为4500冰岛克朗；夏季期间(5月～9月)5000冰岛克朗；13至15岁青年门票冬季期间(10月～4月)1800冰岛克朗；夏季期间(5月～9月)2200冰岛克朗；12岁或以下小童在有家长陪同下免费。老人、学生和伤残人士门票冬季期间(10月～4月)3000冰岛克朗；夏季期间(5月～9月)3300冰岛克朗。
  *价格更新至2019年3月，一切价格以米湖官网为准

  米湖温泉周边旅游景点

  

  除了米湖天然温泉之外，冰岛北部的米湖景区(Mývatn)还集聚了众多奇诡的自然风光与地质地貌。Námaskarð地热区距离温泉不远，蒸汽孔、沸泥潭等地热奇观一展冰岛北部的外星球氛围，被矿物质染得斑斓的土地也令人眼花缭乱。

  黑暗城堡(Dimmuborgir)比邻而立，嶙峋交错的火山熔岩拔地而起，展现着古堡般的恢弘气势；这里也是冰岛传说中十三个圣诞老人的家。如果您是美剧《权力的游戏(冰与火之歌)》粉丝，或许还会发现黑暗城堡就是剧中“野人”的营地。

  黑暗城堡旁还隐藏着另一处小众景点，同时也是美剧的取景地：Grjótagjá洞穴温泉。温泉因温度过高现已关闭，不供游人体验，但您仍然可以下到洞内，参观雪诺和“野人”的定情之地。

  米湖本身浩渺而美丽，众多鸟类聚居于此，光是鸭子就有超过十几种。如果对植物感兴趣，记得去寻找这里举世罕见的珍奇苔藓球。

  米湖景区是冰岛北部旅游路线钻石圈中的一站。除上述景点外，钻石圈还包括了黛提瀑布(Dettifoss)、阿斯匹吉峡谷(Ásbyrgi)和众神瀑布(Goðafoss)等壮丽的自然胜景。

  米湖温泉,

  

  Námaskarð Pass is a geothermal area on the mountain Námafjall, in north Iceland, less than half an hour’s drive from Lake Mývatn. It is located by Route 1, which encircles the country.

  Connected to the Krafla volcano system, Námaskarð is home to many hot-springs and fumaroles.

  Geography of Námaskarð

  Námaskarð is notable due to its barrenness; no vegetation grows on its slopes. This is due to the heat beneath the earth, the acidity in the soil, and poisonous fumes being expelled.

  That is not to say, however, that the site is dull; its life comes from the vivid colours that streak through the earth, dyed by the elements brought up with the steam. Expect to see shades of red, orange, yellow and green, particularly concentrated around the springs themselves.

  The air smells intensely of sulphur throughout the area, which, while unpleasant, is a constant reminder of the powerful forces at work beneath your feet. Though it would be damaging for your health to spend too long breathing it, a visit for a few hours will not cause any problems.

  While exploring Námaskarð, be sure not to touch any of the running water, as it is likely to be boiling. Also, give all the hot springs a reasonably wide berth, as the land surrounding them may be unstable, with scalding steam just beneath the surface.

  Námaskarð is about 400 metres (1312 ft) above sea level.

  Surroundings of Námaskarð

  Námaskarð is situated between the mighty waterfalls of the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river (which include Europe’s most powerful waterfall, Dettifoss) and the Lake Mývatn area, making it a natural part of anyone’s itinerary if they are exploring the north from Akureyri or Mývatn.

  Those travelling the Diamond Circle are also encouraged to make a stop here if they have time.

  Námaskarð地热区,

  

  拉加尔湖(Lagarfjlót)是冰岛东部的一座狭长湖泊，也有勒古里湖(Lögurinn)的别称。拉加尔湖以优美的景色、丰富的渔获与神奇的传说而闻名。

  拉加尔湖的传说

  只要冰岛本地人提到拉加尔湖，都一定会提起有关它的神秘传说，这则古老的故事也吸引了无数游人前往冰岛东部一探究竟。

  传说深不见底的拉加尔湖中居住了一只似水蛇、似蠕虫的水怪，当地人将它称作“拉加尔弗流特蠕虫"(Lagarfljót Worm)，与苏格兰的尼斯湖水怪有着千丝万缕的联系。尼斯湖水怪发现于19世纪70年代；而早在14世纪(1345年)，拉加尔湖水怪就已然现身。

  时至今日，仍有不少人发布他们在拉加尔湖拍摄到的水怪影片和照片，虽然其中有不少已被证伪——所谓的“怪兽”只不过是湖面的浮木、波纹或冰块，但仍有一些证据颇具可信度与迷惑度，人们至今也无法确定到底被拍摄到的是什么生物或物体。

  随着传说的流传，拉加尔湖周边也逐渐发展出了一套以水怪为主题的文化，例如冰岛艺术家创作的水怪雕像与画作等，为游客提供了想象水怪形貌的素材。

  目前能够确认的是湖内居住了鳟鱼等大量鱼类，却没有任何证据表明湖中有其他大型生物的存在。如果想在湖内垂钓，您必须购买钓鱼许可。

  拉加尔湖周边景点

  拉加尔湖坐落于冰岛东部最大城镇埃伊尔斯塔济(Egilsstaðir)旁。埃伊尔斯塔济是冰岛的“东部之都”，也是东部峡湾地区人口最多的城镇、东部的商业贸易中心。不少酒店与民宿就沿着拉加尔湖而建，入住的游人也得以欣赏湖泊的静谧美景。

  冰岛最大的森林Hallormsstaðaskógur也位于拉加尔湖边。这片规模庞大的森林是观鸟爱好者的天堂，众多鸟类聚居于林中。

  高达128米的亨吉瀑布(Hengifoss)也同样坐落于拉加尔湖附近。游人可以从拉加尔湖自驾到瀑布停车场，徒步前往这座冰岛第三高的瀑布。

  拉加尔湖,

  Photo from Into the Underworld | Vatnshellir Caving Tour

  Vatnshellir Cave is a lava tube on the Snæfellsnes Peninsula and a popular site for caving tours.

  Geology of Vatnshellir Cave

  Vatnshellir is one of Iceland’s older lava tubes that can be explored, having been formed in an eruption 8,000 years ago. To compare, Iceland’s other most popular lava tunnels for caving, Viðgelmir and Leiðarendi, are only one and two thousand years old respectively.

  Like all lava tubes in Iceland, Vatnshellir was created when during an eruption, a river of molten rock began to cool from outside in. The effect left a crust over still-flowing lava, which, after flushing away, left a hollow tube.

  The minerals of this lava can still be seen in Vatnshellir today. The rocks are vividly coloured, with reds representing deposits of iron, yellows representing sulphur, and greens representing copper.

  Vatnshellir is 200 metres (656 feet) long, with a deepest point of 35 metres (114 feet).

  Lava Caving in Vatnshellir

  Lava caving is possible in Vatnshellir throughout the summer months with a guided tour. Taking such a tour is essential, as guides know the caves in and out, and will bring all the equipment you need. Alone, they are notoriously easy to get lost and hurt in.

  Vatnshellir is easier to enter than its cousin Leiðarendi, as it has a staircase descending into it. Unlike Viðgelmir, however, the ground is not paved and the walls are not lit, so you need a reasonable level of fitness and confidence on your feet to traverse it comfortably. Even so, children as young as five can join the fun.

  When travelling the cave, you will learn about Iceland’s geology and folklore, as trolls were said to make the caves their homes in many tales. You will also get to experience total darkness by shutting off your lights at the deepest point.

  Location of Vatnshellir cave

  Vatnshellir is a protected site, as it is within the Snæfellsjökull National Park. This park sits right on the tip of the Snӕfellsnes Peninsula, meaning you can include many nearby sites in a visit to it.

  These include the basalt sea stacks of Lóndrangar, the fishing villages of Arnarstapi and Hellnar, and the pyramid-shaped peak Kirkjufell.

  瓦汀舍利尔火山熔岩洞穴,

  Wikimedia, Creative Commons, Photo Credit: Cristophe L Hess

  Hallormsstaðaskógur is Iceland's largest national forest, found in East Iceland near Egilsstaðir. The area is a famous for its pleasant hiking trails, wildlife and collection of tree species.

  Development and Nature

  For a largely treeless landscape, a forest in Iceland is something of an enigma. The nation was once covered in woodland, but the overuse of wood saunas by the early settlers, followed by several great volcanic eruptions, meant that for centuries, the land has been quite barren.

  However, the reforestation service of Iceland has sought to change this. It cares for 53 patches of public access land, most of which are easily accessible for travellers on the Ring Road. Hallormsstaðaskógur is their largest success story, with trees covering 740 square kilometres (286 square miles).  

  Initial experiments in planting trees began as early as 1903, though large scale cultivation truly began in 1950. In 1905, Hallormsstaðaskógur was labelled a protected forest. Ever since then, the forest has been greatly venerated by the local population as an area of respite from the often barren, volcanic terrain of the island.

  Common tree species include native dwarf birch and mountain birch, as well as over 80 different species of tree brought from 177 locations overseas.

  Birds such as redpolls, goldcrests and ravens all use the forest as a sanctuary from predators, with red wings, snipes and meadow pipits joining the fray in the summer months. The area also presents opportunities for botany, as well as berry and mushroom picking. Streams running through the forest are perfectly drinkable spring water.

  To Do

  In June, Hallormsstaðaskógur hosts Skógardagurinn, or “Forest Day”, a weekend of accordion music, active festivities and competitions amongst the birch trees. Here, festival-goers can enjoy logging competitions, grilled lamb served by local farmers, art exhibitions and even mini-marathons (one 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) long, the other 14 kilometres (nine miles).

  The Skógardagurinn celebrations are a fantastic treat for all the family and provide great insight into the culture of Iceland’s less visited regions.

  There are two camping areas in Hallormsstaðaskógur: Atlavík, located in the picturesque tree cover of the inner-forest, and Höfðavík, a site providing a more luxurious standard of service for visitors.  

  Hallormsstaðaskógur is located near to the town of Egilsstaðir, the capital of East Iceland, and the perfect point from which to explore the region.

   

  Hallormsstaðaskógur森林,

  

  The South Coast of Iceland is the country's most visited sightseeing route, along with the Golden Circle.

  This incredible shoreline stretches from the greater Reykjavík area in the west to the magnificent Jökulsárlón glacier lagoon in the east and is lined with countless natural wonders such as cascading waterfalls, volcanoes, black sand beaches and glaciers.

  Geography, Nature & Wildlife

  The South Coast is the most easily accessible part of the country’s southern region, found along the Route 1 highway (the Ring Road), which encircles Iceland. The area consists of a diverse lowland that transitions between, marshlands, bays, cultivated pastures, estuaries and black sand deserts.

  Underneath the soil rests a vast lava field, known as Þjórsárhraun. Its edges reach several hundred metres offshore where the ocean waves crash upon them, thereby protecting the lowland from the invasion of the sea. This results in the South Coast being unusually lacking in the deep fjords that so distinctly characterise the rest of Iceland's shoreline.

  

  The region boasts vibrant bird life during all seasons. Freshwater birds nest in the marshlands and around the estuaries, while seabirds flock around the cliffs of Reynisdrangar and Dyrhólaey, including the North Atlantic puffin between May and August. Some species stay throughout the harsh Icelandic winter, including the northern diver, the loom and various species of gulls and ducks.  

  Seals are often found along the shore, particularly around the Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon and Diamond Beach. As with everywhere in Iceland, you should always keep an eye out to sea, as whales and dolphins reside all along its coastline.

  Highlights of the South Coast

  The South Coast offers an unprecedented array of natural wonders that draw thousands of visitors each day.

  When driving the route from Reykjavík city, the first major features are the two great waterfalls of Seljalandsfoss and Skógafoss, which sit beneath the notorious subglacial volcano, Eyjafjallajökull. On clear days from these beautiful cascades, the Westman Islands can be seen across the ocean.

  A little further down the route is the glacier Mýrdalsjökull, which covers one of Iceland’s most explosive volcanoes, Katla. Many glacier hikes are taken here upon the outlet of Sólheimajökull.

  The aforementioned Dyrhólaey cliffs are next, home to many seabirds. Even if you come outside of puffin season, they are well worth a visit; jutting out to sea is an enormous rock arch of the same name, which you can marvel at from many angles.

  

  Adjacent to the village of Vík is the famous black-sand beach, Reynisfjara, home to the rock pillars of Reynisdrangar, said to be two trolls frozen by the light of the sun. Though beautiful, this area is gaining notoriety for its dangerous sneaker waves, so visitors should be sure to stay well away from the edge of the water, even on a calm, still day.

  There are no landmasses between Reynisfjara beach and the continent of Antarctica, so you can imagine how the waves can build momentum.

  After passing through Vík, you will cross the glacial sand plain of Skeiðarársandur, before entering Vatnajökull National Park, home to the largest ice cap in Europe, Vatnajökull itself, dozens of glacial outlets and the magnificent Jökulsárlón glacier lagoon.

  While almost all of these sites can be seen from Route 1, they make up a fraction of what the South Coast has to offer. The vast sand plains of Sólheimasandur are home to a crashed DC-3 Plane Wreck, and within the Vatnajökull National Park is the dramatic Skaftafell Nature Reserve.

  Less than a kilometre from Seljalandsfoss is the hidden gem of Gljúfrabúi waterfall, and short distances from Jökulsárlón you will find the Diamond Beach, where icebergs wash on the black-sand shore, and another glacier lagoon, Fjallsárlón.

  南岸,

  

  一号环岛公路是冰岛最主要的公路干线，总长1332公里，连通了除西峡湾与斯奈山半岛(Snæfellsnes)外的所有冰岛自然景区。

  冰岛最大的两座城市：世界最北首都雷克雅未克与“北部首都”阿克雷里(Akureyri)也位于一号公路沿线。

  博尔加内斯(Borgarnes)、布伦迪欧斯(Blönduós)、埃伊尔斯塔济(Egilsstaðir)、霍芬镇(Höfn)、教堂镇(Kirkjubæjarklaustur)、维克镇(Vík)、海德拉小镇(Hella)、Hvolsvöllur小镇、塞尔福斯(Selfoss)、“温泉镇”惠拉盖尔济(Hveragerði)等为游客提供住宿、餐饮的大型城镇也都位于一号公路旁。

  一号环岛公路沿线景点

  

  一号环岛公路路况良好、交通便利，引领自驾与参团的游客们前往最热门的冰岛旅游景点。绵长的公路沿冰岛南岸纵横铺展，仿佛一条金链，将塞里雅兰瀑布(Seljalandsfoss)与斯科加瀑布(Skógafoss)；米尔达斯冰川(Mýrdalsjökull)与艾雅法拉冰川火山(Eyjafjallajökull，又译埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖)；雷尼斯黑沙滩(Reynisfjara)与杰古沙龙冰河湖(Jökulsárlón)等必游景点串联在一起。

  沿一号公路深入东部峡湾地区，您还将邂逅冰岛最大森林Hallormsstaðaskógur，以及神秘的拉加尔湖(Lagarfljót)；传说一只形似尼斯湖水怪的骇人巨兽就藏匿于湖心。

  冰岛北部的米湖地区(Mývatn)、众神瀑布(Goðafoss)，冰岛西部的历史文化名镇与淳朴自然风光也都令沿一号公路旅行的游人流连。

  一号环岛公路的历史

  一号公路竣工于1974年，是冰岛交通建设的里程碑之一；横跨Skeiðará河的冰岛最长桥梁也于同一年投入使用；1998年鲸鱼峡湾(Hvalfjörður)地下隧道建成，大大缩短了冰岛西部与北部之间的距离与交通时间。桥梁、隧道、公路共同构成了一号公路发达便捷的交通网。

  长达5.8公里的鲸鱼峡湾隧道是冰岛最长的隧道，位于海平面165米以下。东南部霍芬镇附近的一号公路路段上还坐落着另一处隧道：Almannaskarð；冰岛北部的Vaðlaheiðar隧道也已于2018年12月落成，将阿克雷里与胡萨维克(Húsavík)之间的距离缩短了16公里。

  冬季时节，一号环岛公路的大部分路段都继续开放通行，只有东部地区的少部分道路会因冰雪封路。冰岛天气多变，其他路段也有封路可能，游客需密切关注路况信息通知。

  一号环岛公路旅行注意事项

  一号公路大部分路段为双向车道，两个行车道方向相反。一些路段在上世纪四十年代的乡村公路基础上建成，驾驶者需特别注意交通标示，尤其是即将出现的急转弯、盲视转弯、盲点与单行桥等易发生交通事故的路段。

  一号公路柏油路段限速90公里/时，经过城市时需减速，碎石路段限速80公里/时。

  全年均可驾驶二驱车沿一号公路旅行，但冬季(10月～5月)来冰岛租车自驾，最好驾驶更适合冰雪路面的四驱车。

  无论冬夏、无分路段，在冰岛自驾必须格外注意驾驶安全。如果准备停车拍照，必须将车辆停靠在安全合法的停车区域，切记不可在道路中央随意停车。

  一号环岛公路

• 冰岛国际机场－首都雷克雅未克往返大巴

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下面我们列出了这个行程套餐中的可选住宿级别。在每日行程中，您可以看到每一天具体的首选酒店。
您在预订过程中可以选择不同的住宿标准。超级经济级别住宿将安排青旅床位。经济级别和舒适级别的住宿为单人预订安排单人间住宿，多人预订将安排双人间或三人间的组合。如果您多人同时出行但是希望安排单人间，请分开预订，或联系客服进行单间差升级。品质住宿会为单数人数预订提供一个单人间，余下提供双人间。
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注：行程中的多日游提供首都外的乡间住宿，此类住宿无法选择级别，这里列出的级别只针对行程中首都地区的住宿。
我们会从Guide to Iceland优选的住宿中为您安排您预订时可选的最佳选择。冰岛酒店质量水平差异较大，且严重的供不应求，您定的越早，效果越为理想。
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